At the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in Russia a group of church museums acquired the status of "cultural norm". In the application  of the comprehensive approach with chronological and evolutionary  principles, the authors of the article traced the process of the most  important evolutionary stages of the development of pre- revolutionary church museums. The basis for the proposed  periodization is the dynamics of the development of this group of  museums, according to the historical and cultural context. A key  feature of these stages is the change in the public perception of  church monuments separately from the liturgical process. On the  basis of the conducted research, the authors singled out three stages of the formation and development of the pre-revolutionary church  museum: from its forms to the socio-cultural institution. The model  of the Berlin  Christian Educational Museum was used as a model for  Russian church museum and adapted to Orthodoxy. The authors also identified a number of factors that contributed to the spread of the network of church museums in the pre-revoluti onary period.

The author analyzes the main stages of the research process conducted by domestic historians in the sphere of the European  rulers’ power sacralization in the Middle Ages and early Modern Age.  The author estimates the level of interest of Soviet and Russian  specialists for the issue, determines the coherence between this  issue actualization, formation of new scientific approaches and  objective research conditions, as well as prevailing methods,  concepts and theories of historic science. It is indicated that study  methods have transformed due to a change of conjuncture and  possibility to use West-European experience, where socio-cultural  history has been developed by the use of postmodern trends,  anthropology data and interdisciplinary approaches for historic past.  The author estimates the contribution of contemporary Russian  medievalists into power sacralization studies and describes the most  significant domestic specialists in the field, their methods and works. 

The article features the historiography and sources on the issue of physical culture and sport developmentin the Kemerovo region at the turn of the XXI century. Having analyzed a wide range of  publications (monographs, articles, dissertation abstracts, academic  and journalistic literature), the authors came to the conclusion that certain material has already been summarized on this topic. The study offers a detailed description of the changes in the legislative  field that were made to ensure a better functioning of the system of  physical culture and sports in the Kemerovo region in 1991–2007.  However, the development process of physical culture and sport  movement in the region remains poorly investigated. The same can  be said about the issues related to the material-technical base of the  Kuzbass sports and the system of sport personnel training in the region. In the domestic literature there are no works devoted to the  complex process of development of physical culture and sports  movement in the Kemerovo region in the period. The analysis of the  sources on the selected theme has revealed that the most  informative among them were two classes of written sources: legislative and documentary. The available range of sources has allowed the authors to trace the process of development of  physical culture and sports region in the conditions of changing socio-economic development model of the country.

The article features the practical methods of the "personnel retention" policy at the domestic industry enterprises in the first  post-war years, their orientation and efficiency. The list of research  sources includes statistical data, archival materials, normative  documents of the period, including the previously unpublished  Resolutions of the USSR Council of Ministers. It has been revealed  that the main cause of staff turnover was unfavorable living  conditions of workers and supply problems. In the Soviet industry, the personnel retention problem was solved by strict  administrative control, as well as by the expansion of benefits and  social guarantees for employees. Personnel retention methods, as  well as the amount of benefits and the severity of the punishment  applied to employees for violation of labor discipline, were  distributed in accordance with the key link principle: employees of  state priority sectors (coal mining, metallurgy) experienced a higher  concentration of benefits and sanctions. In the conditions of limited  resources, this principle made it possible to achieve the desired social a nd economic tasks.

The current study attempts to assess the energy base held by Europe in the XVIII – early XIX centuries. The research is based on  the English and Russian assessment of foreign historiography  devoted to energy balance in Europe. Chronologically, the historiographical base features the period from 1970s up to  modern days. The main instrument of the analysis presented in the  article is quantitative calculation of the power sources of energy in  the countries of Western Europe. The article shows the increase  dynamics of coal energy, wood, water, wind, steam, muscular energy and draft animals in Europe. Then, available power growth rate is  compared with the rate of GDP that occurred in the study period.  The research of the structure and nature of energy has revealed a  strong statistical dependence of GDP on the amount of energy used  in the era of industrial revolution in Europe and especially in the UK.  The research stresses the importance of energy as a key factor of  modernization and technological development of material culture.

The article is devoted to the current trends of ethnic culturtural development of the Kumandin people in Altai Krai. The Kumandins  represent an ethnic minority in Altai Krai, they are on the verge of  disappearance. For modern science it is important to identify activity  forms of traditional culture maintenance employed by small  communities that live in alien environment. The author analyzes the  measures taken by the regional authorities and the leaders of the  Kumandin organizations. As the main direction for preservation and  development of ethnic culture of Kumandins, the author studies what the Kumandins do to collect their cultural data, to edit books on their native language and traditional culture, to revive their folklore  tradition, traditional clothes production, ritual practices, as well as  integration of the Kumandin culture into the sphere of tourism and  development of traditional cuisine. It is revealed that modern  economic activity of the Kumandins has lost its traditional features.  The basis of their life support is made by forms of modern economic  activity. Members of modern communities conduct joint economic  activity and participate in processes of revival of ethnic culture.  Kumandin Public organizations aren't stable; however, they attempt  to maintain their traditional culture. Their actions find support from  the federal and regional authorities. The brightest manifestations of  ethnocultural revival of Kumandins are: holding mass cultural and sporting events and holidays; studying, preservation and teaching  the native language; creation of folklore collectives; vigorous  exhibition and presentation activity; setting up tourist sites on their  territory; development of gastronomic traditions; reconstruction of elements material (clothes, jewelry) and spiritual (national calendar,  ceremony Kochokan) cultures. 

The article presents the results of the study on staurographic material of the XVII–XVIII centuries from the settlement of Kulakovo III, a site that can presumably be identified with the village of  Korchuganovo marked in the “Drafting Book (Atlas) of Siberia” by S.  Remezov. The study introduces a collection of 26 metal baptismal  crosses into scientific use; the authors offer a detailed description,  typological characteristics and chronological attributions of the  Christian cult objects under analysis, as well as identify their  analogues in published studies. Most of the crosses discussed belong to type 4 according to the classification developed by V. I. Molodin,  which is based on the materials of Eastern Siberia (Ilimsk stockaded  town). These are specimens with detailed iconography and elements  complementing the outline of the object – rays radiating from the  cross bars, twin volutes surrounding the cross bars like a "wreath" or "tongues of flame" along the edges of the lower blade, etc.  Morphological and iconographic analysis of the crosses indicates their individuality. The range of analogies to the crosses from Kulakovo III  includes materials from northern and north-eastern Russia,  which confirms the data from written sources about the initial  territories of the migration of the Russian population in the Tom’ region.

The article examines the image of the West in the Russian press of the era of Nicholas I. When considering the image of the West, the  emphasis is on negative trends that the Russian press found in  modern Western life. One of the main subjects of criticism was  parliamentarism. The parliamentary system was criticized for its  weakness and inability to pursue a consistent policy. Also, Russian  magazines criticized the West for abandoning traditional values and  deviating from religion. The departure from religious morality in  France and other countries was perceived as a cause of cultural decline. Capitalism was criticized by Russian journals from  the moral point of view. The commercialization of life, coupled with  the decline of morality, was seen as the main reason for the decline  of Western European literature. It is concluded that all trends spotted by the Russian press in Western life began to manifest  themselves in Russia at the end of the reign of Nicholas I and  became public in the era of Alexander II. 

The study reviews scientific literature concerning the cities of the Tobolsk province in the late XVIII – early XX centuries. The article  features the works of scientists, published in the pre-revolutionary  period and affecting different sides of the subject in question. The  results of the research indicate that before 1917 the scientific works  were mainly concentrated on such aspects of urban life as  demography, trade, administration, urban space, education, local  government, and periodicals. The authors did not distinguish the  concept of «social life» as a separate phenomenon, limiting the  study of its individual components. The methodology includes the  use of techniques and tools of local, systemic, comparative- historical, and problem-chronological methods, as well as  developments «history of everyday life» and «new Imperial history». In general, the article emphasizes the expansion of scientific  knowledge about the social history of Siberian cities in the post- reform and late Imperial periods, reveals the influence of the  researchers ' views on the integration of urban life. The scope of the  study is not limited to the interest of historians, urbanists and local  historians to the subject of study. Historiographical analysis is  relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the  prospects of urban studies, and can also be used in the preparation  of textbooks and summaries on Siberian history. 

The article analyzes the issues of organizing a system of psychological and pedagogical support in the formation of parental  competence. It features the phenomenon of psychological and  pedagogical support, its substantive and essential content. The  authors have proved that psychological and pedagogical support acts as special conditions ensuring the effective formation of conscious  parenthood. A hierarchical scheme of parental competence, including  three levels, serves as a methodological basis for planning  the impacts within the organization of psychological and pedagogical support. The highest level is associated with ensuring  the self-determination of behavior and the formation of the value- semantic bases of parenthood. The medium level ensures the  solution of problems of self-regulation through reflection and the  building of social interaction in activities. The third one is responsible for the operational and executive level of activity. The substantive  basis of the model of the formation of parental competence is  represented by cognitive, motivational-value, operational-activity  and socio-psychological components. The article also describes the  structure of activity, forms, methods and technologies of realization  of psychological and pedagogical support of parents. It introduces a  model of psychological and pedagogical support, which is a complex process of interaction of all participants in this pr ocess.

The study focuses on the model of structural components of personal
meaning and is based on the spatial organization of human life. The article describes the components of the semantic sphere in all the  conceptual diversity of psychological approaches to the  phenomenology of the process in question. The author analyzes  theoretical and methodological orientation of modern psychology at  the personal potential of semantic entities as a condition for  integrated wholesome personality. One’s personality is represented  by the subject and, at the same time, by the object of one’s own life. Personal meaning is defined as a complex system formation, which  includes cognitive (life views, ideals, values, beliefs, and interests),  emotive (emotional and evaluative attitude to oneself and to others)  and cognitive (behavior, interpersonal interaction, focus and behavior in different social conditions) components. The process of meaning  integration is accompanied by harmonization and unification of the  structural components in a coherent system, i.e. the system of  personal meanings. The system as a whole acquires new qualities,  not present in the individual components, the personal meaning  being the apex of personality integration. Components of the proposed model structurally reflect the methodological potential  of the concept of personal meaning. The research aims at creating  an integrated approach to the study of the semantic determination of personality. 

Objective. In this article we present the translation and adaptation of the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI) into Russian.

Method. We studied the results of 474 participants: 316 parents of pre-school children and 158 daycare teachers. One parent answered PSAI, the other parent and daycare teacher were interviewed about the usual child’s behavior.

Results. The statistic analysis of the data let us conclude that the Russian version of PSAI has proved to be a generally valid and reliable psychometric technique for assessing sextyped behaviors in pre-school children.

Conclusion. The Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI) was successfully translated and adopted into Russian.

The article features the results of the research that considers qualitative characteristics of thinking as a cognitive mental process.  The research group included young people and adolescents. The  study focused on the dependence of conceptual thinking on its  flexibility and fluency in verbal and figurative form. The leading  methods involved I. M. Luichiny’s Methodology Study of the Activity  of Thinking" (MSAT) and Diagnostics of the Development Level of  Logical-Conceptual Thinking test. Indicators of conceptual thinking  have a significant positive correlation with the parameters of  figurative fluency of thinking and negative relationship with the  parameters of verbal flexibility of thinking. The effectiveness of  conceptual thinking is provided by the following indicators of thinking activity: a high level of figurative fluency allows one to use the entire scope of familiar visual or kinesthetic images to solve standard  problems, and a low level of verbal flexibility promotes high  dynamics of the process, using its own actual repertoire of concepts, thereby saving time in search of new terminological strategies.

The article features some results of an empirical research that defines the specifics of shaping the vision of the future in mortgage  holders. The hypothesis under examination states the difference in  the vision of the future in mortgage holders, those about to sign a  mortgage lending contract, and those without mortgage obligations.  The differences concern the level of detail elaboration and future  construction, the expression of various modality orientations about  future, and density of events. The methods included qualitative  research methods, e.g. graphical method "Cottle’s Circles", "My future" essay, a technique for verbal response to the stimulus  "The future", as well as quantitative ones. The obtained empirical  data make it possible to say that the decision of taking mortgage  lending credit changes the semantic matrix of the person, defines the specifics of subjective chronotype. In particular, it gives  the specific coloring to the semantic and event shaping of one’s  vision about the future. The results of the research can be used to  organize psychological work with people who are going to take mortgage lending, as well as with mortgage holders.

The article features the results of theoretical generalization and empirical research of the statuses of gender-role identity in senior  preschool children from singleand two-parent families. The article  demonstrates the relevance of the stated problem and assesses the  level of its investigation by modern science. The gender-role identity is analyzed as a consciousness component, which reflects  understanding of oneself as a representative of the defined sex. It  also includes stereotypes about masculinity and femininity and the  attitude towards them. The peculiarities of preschool age are described from the position gender-role identity formation. The  empirical research is directed not only at the description of gender- role identity of senior preschool children, but also at the description  and the analysis of features of the status of gender-role identity in  preschool children from full and incomplete families. It has been  proven that the status of gender-role identity of the senior preschool children is only partly defined by the structure of family. Stereotypic  ideas of differences between boys and girls most often are found in  children from disfunctional families, whereas children from full  families more often display an attractive image of the opposite sex.  Children from twoparent families incorrectly identify themselves with age.

The article features the effectiveness of different psychotherapeutic approaches to psychological care in order to determine the most  effective type of psychotherapy for depressive and anxiety disorders.  The research considers the place of anxiety and depressive disorders in the ICD-10 classification; the article  notes a contradiction between the theoretical separation of these  disorders in ICD-10 and the frequent comorbidity (50 %) of these  disorders in the clinical picture; the authors justify the choice of one  form of psychotherapy for disorders of the anxiety-depressive  spectrum. The paper contains an overview of the results of meta- analyses for person-centered, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral  psychotherapy. It describes and analyses the most common  approaches to psychotherapy of anxiety-depressive spectrum  disorders by applying combined pharmacotherapy and  psychotherapy in the cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal  approaches. Based on the overview of meta-analyses of  evidencebased studies of the effectiveness of these types of  psychotherapy, it is concluded that short-term interpersonal and  cognitive-behavioral approaches are most preferable in the therapy  of anxiety and depressive disorders. There is a tendency towards  further integration of approaches on the methodological basis of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

In accordance with the methodology of the constructivist approach, the personal identity manifested as a unique self-image is regarded  as a dynamic hierarchical system. Under the approach based on M.  Kuhn and T. McPartland’s test, we have developed and put into  practice a special questionnaire, which allows ranking 16 categories  in terms of their importance. These categories reflect social role  components of identity in the main spheres of life, thus presenting  an individual or a group identity structure as an orderly hierarchy.  Based on a sample of 1251 students of various sex, age, nationality, confession, residence and field of study, we have proved  that affiliation to a certain social or cultural group influences the  hierarchy of identity components. The study has shown that gender  and professional affiliation are of highest impact on the significance of identity components, as well as, albeit less  substantial, belonging to a particular ethnoreligious group and being  the resident of a certain region. Sociocultural affiliation in all  instances was an important differentiating characteristic, which  determined the disparities in significance of the respective basis of  the identity in the hierarchy. At the  same time, sociocultural  affiliation in most cases had an effect on the importance of less than  a half of the other identity components, thus determining the  general structure of the identity. In conclusion, gender, educational  and professional, ethnic, confessional or regional sociocultural group  is a significant social determinant of personal development in the  formation of the self-image hierarchy, which underlies the characteristics and structure of one’s identity.

The article is devoted to the study of the theory of naive linguistics and the principles of its research. The material of the research is the  results of psycholinguistic experiment. The results show ordinary  representations of native speakers of Mongolian language. The words denoting flora and fauna (bionyms) were used as the stimuli for the  experiment. The responses in the experiment have revealed a  specific character of word functioning in the language consciousness  of Mongolian native speakers. To describe a naive view on a word  meaning, the respondents used associations in the form of  spontaneous definitions and citations that include the word stimulus  as well as comparisons it inspired. The research has made it possible to reconstruct a fragment of the ethnical language world view as a  component of the language consciousness of Mongolian native  speakers. In the conclusion the author gives a description of these bionyms, compiled on the basis of lexicographic processing of  reactions and within the framework of the naive linguistics theory.

The current research features phraseological units and the role of myth in the formation of fixed combinations. By positioning  phraseology as a “compendious” myth, the author points out that it  is extremely difficult to interpret these speech units because of the  discursive information hidden in their semantics. It is noted that the  specificity of phraseological units is determined not by formal, but by  content characteristics. The article describes the most effective  ways of translation of phraseological units. The research owes its  topicality to the fact that phraseological units are common in  different genres, which leads to problem of their adequate  translation. The novelty of the article is in the approach to the  phraseological interpretation of units, which are considered in this  paper as agents of a “compendious” myth. The theoretical  significance and practical value are based on the fact that such an  interpretation promotes a deeper understanding and, therefore, an adequate translation of phraseological units into another  language. The research methods are: method of phraseological identification, comparison, analysis, experiment.

Studying new translations of the classic literature is important due to the growing interest for the phenomenon of re-translation in modern linguistics. The purpose of the study is to analyze the relevance of  stylistic dissonance phenomena in the Russian translation of "Sense  and Sensibility", published in 2013 – «Разум и чувство»  (pronounced as [razum i chuvstvo], which means "Reason and  feeling"). The stylistic dissonance is regarded in the paper as the  combination of different styles of vocabulary: literary words (poetic, obsolete, etc.), colloquialisms, anachronisms and  anachronistic expressions. The following categories of the stylistic  dissonance phenomena are revealed: 1) reflection (or creation) of  comic effects and irony; 2) adaptation of the novel to the modern  audience’s language picture of the world, tastes and preferences; 3)  imperfections of translation and editing. The 3rd category and its 3  subcategories will be examined in the next article. The analysis is a  part of a larger research based on studying the full-text translations  of J. Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility written by Russian and French authors.

The analysis of the secondary texts obtained as a result of a linguistic experiment has allowed the author to create a degree  classification for the emergence of metalinguistic consciousness and  to compare them to personalization and depersonalization  tendencies. The classification, as well as various metaindicators,  linguistic and extralinguistic factors make it possible to create a  linguistic persona typology based on personalization and depersonalization tendencies, text generation and text  perceiving. The article features a new classification of linguistic  persona on the basis of two criteria: degrees of the emergence of  metalinguistic consciousness and text generation and perception.  The analysis conducted has revealed that types of the linguistic  persona are divided into two groups depending on the unique or  variable type of the linguistic persona established in the process of  text perceprion. This article represents results of the analysis of  texts belonging to various types of unambiguous linguistic persona. 

Extra-linguistic factors in the languages of different typological systems require compressive means to express new names of  enterprises, which leads to active formation of complex ergonyms.  However, the types and models of composing remain the same.  There is an active change of their productivity, the previously  unimportant models of compounding come to the front line. The  analysis of the lexical material confirms the hypothesis that the well-known word-formation models are filled with new lexical content.  The character of the enterprise and the naming principles lead to the  formation of ergonyms that are different in structure and  semantics. The analysis has revealed a high percentage of  neologisms with abbreviations, foreign components and unusual  graphics. Speech game is widely used to create a unique name that  attracts the attention of potential customers. In addition, both  languages experience significant influence of English in the process  of naming of new objects. Naming principles (such as reflecting the  business profile, uniqueness and clarity of the name) are not  maintained when a new name is coined.

The article considers the mechanism of interpretation of reality in the Russian media discourse through the prism of the event – a key  category of journalistic text. From the position of the theory of  variational interpretation of the text, the event appears as a "verbal  construct", which is represented in the media by a certain number  (n-number) of interpretative-cognitive models, each of which is  constructed by n-number of semantic versions – variants of the  author's interpretation of reality. The created model is determined by a number of factors: information expectations of the addressee,  communicative intention of the author, specificity of media and  socio-political contexts. In this case, the nature of the event  (catastrophe event or provocation event) is the starting point for the  development of the vector of author's interpretation, setting  markers on the basis of which an interpretation field of a  monocentric or polycentric type is formed. The first type is  represented by one interpretation-cognitive model that dominates  the discourse of the Russian press; the second type of field includes  a certain (more than two) number of interpretative-cognitive models. The mechanism for interpreting events of different types is  examined on specific examples that have received wide resonance in  Russian media, e.g. the catastrophe event "The accident with the  Bulgaria ship "produces a monocentric type of the interpretation field; the provocation event "The action of the punk group "Pussy  Riot" in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior" forms a polycentric interpretation field.

Listening is not only one of the most important language skills, which is necessary for everyday communication, but an integral part  of foreign language learning. It is evident that the students need an  effective training in building auditory skills. However, proper  attention is seldom paid to the process of listening to the English  speech, altering phoneme recognition in the stream of speech, which  often causes difficulties in audio-comprehension. The subject  of this research is facilitation of teaching listening comprehension to  the students of non-linguistic universities. The purpose of the article is to identify the core phonological features of coherent  English speech and provide the examples of activities aimed at their  recognition. The methodological framework of the conducted  research is represented by bottom-up approach to teaching listening  and the tenet that speech perception and comprehension by ear is a  process. Therefore, the ability to correctly decode phonemes, words,  phrases and infer meaning plays an utmost role. In this
context the students’ wrong answers should be analyzed, it contributes to determining the point of misunderstanding. It is  shown that making students aware of phonological features  of  coherent English speech helps them to overcome difficulties in  audiotext perception and thus enhances teaching listening  comprehension. The results of the research can be of interest to  both foreign language teachers and to the researchers dealing with  English phonetics learning. Finally, the conclusions are drawn that a  successful development of listening skills requires a combination of  the bottom-up and top-down approaches. This enables teaching staff  to create favorable conditions for acquisition of one of the most challenging language skills.

The article deals with the cohesion specifity in electronic literary texts, which results from dual (verbal and non-verbal) structure of  electronic literary text. The research materials include several  electronic texts (based on different platforms and technologies such  as Adobe Flash, Scalar, HTML 5) that demonstrate the use of conceptually valid poly-code elements in their semantic structure.  The main methods of the research are general scientific methods,  such as monitoring and description in conjunction with the method of comparative analysis and complex linguistic and stylistic analysis of  literary text. As a result, the author concludes that the electronic  literary text cohesion on semantic level is represented in structural,  identical and indexing aspects. All of them are provided by verbal  and nonverbal elements of the electronic literary text. The semantic  unraveling of this or that main topic of the electronic literary text is  provided by the mental combination of verbal and visual elements in  recipient’s mind during the electronic text perception process. In this  case the poly-code paralinguistic elements enhance semantic resources of electronic literary text and emphasize its visibility.

The article features comparisons by similarity and functionally equivalent metaphors targeting the heroines of The Kukotsky Enigma by L. Ulitskaya. The author proposes to take into account the  differences between logical and figurative comparisons, emphasizing  its subjective character and surreal modality. Also, the author  suggests that figurative and logical comparisons can be combined in  a compound sentence with a comparative subordinate clause. The  thematic variety of feminine images of assimilation in the novel  correlates with the application of nature-related and anthroponymic  comparisons. Zoomorphous type prevails in nature-related  comparisons, some of them shaping the associative microfields of  the main characters. An attempt is made to explain the writer's  conceptual thematic purpose connected with these microfields. The  textual connections between comparison and metaphor are  considered to be genetically close linguistic phenomena, which are  combined by the common concept of "comparative". This makes it  possible 1) to maintain the perceptive integrity of thematic associative microfields with comparative dominants  involved in the female images; 2) to trace the correlation of tropes  with realia in textual formation. A gender approach to the description of assimilative images and the representation of a wide variety of  their modes of expression in L. Ulitskaya's novel have allowed the  author to reveal the idiostyle features of the female author. It  includes frequent forms of assimilation accompanied by explanations and clarifications that reflect, directly or indirectly, the author's  attitude (sympathy, irony, or sarcasm) towards her female  characters, as well as her conceptual thematic purpose related to the main characters’ fates and that of the family of the famous gynecologist doctor Kukotsky. The article features speech  differentiation in the feminine images of assimilation by the author  and her characters. The analysis performed has revealed a tendency  to female comparative characteristics in L. Ulitskaya’s style.

The article features the role of predication in the process of actual utterance generation. Predication forms the logical structure of an  abstract model situation, whose components are connected by  logical valency. Reflection of reality in the mind of the speaker occurs in the form of logical-grammatical predicates. A predicative sign of  the logical-grammatical category of predicativity constitutes a  sentence. It implies various logical and grammatical predicates. They are immanently inherent in thematic groups of verbs, with the help  of which they are actualized in the utterance. The material of the study is represented by such constructions as "versehen mit  Fliesen" and similar verbs, e.g. "fliesen". The prepositional /  unrepresentative group of the noun acts as a semantic marker in the thematic group of verbs. The research employs H. Glintz’s test  elimination and proves that the semantic marker is a part of the  actual predicate. Convertibility of constructions with a prepositional /  non-prepositional noun and the corresponding verb allows us to  conclude that they have a common logical-semantic predicate in the  "deep" plane. The results of the research can be successfully used in  courses of theoretical and systematizing grammar, stylistics and text interpretation.

The research presents typology and semantics of the rewriting plots in V. Sharov's novels «Tract in trace» (1991) and «The Raising of  Lazarus» (2002) in two aspects: receptive and historical, or  historiosophical. In V. Sharov’s prose, the relation of characters to  the text and the word together with the rewriting scenes show the specificity of the national mentality, according to which texts  testify the metaphysical laws of historical reality, and the belief that  the power of the word can transform reality. The teleological  understanding of history was based on the understanding of the text as an instrument of influence on the material world, as a force  of history. The article presents three types of rewriting plot in V.  Sharov's novels «Tract in trace» and «The Raising of Lazarus».  Firstly, correct (calligraphic) rewriting as an attainment to the metaphysical meaning of sacral texts (mythologization and  demythologization). The semantics of this plot in V. Sharov’s novels  emphasizes the impossibility of reproducing or preserving sacred  meanings and transforming imperfect historical reality. Secondly, rewriting can be correction of other people's ideas and  one’s own attempt to change life with the help of the text. It  determines the conditionality of understanding the text, rewriting,  reworking the tasks of the present. In particular, «The Raising of  Lazarus» explains Russian people’s sufferings in the XX century. The  second type can denote the illusory character of such attempts to  change the reality by texts, as it is reality that corrects texts.  Thirdly, rewriting, or interpreting texts can denote a deeper  understanding of reality (hermeneutic meaning): it signifies a  dialogue between the pretext meaning and the meaning perceived by the «rewriter».

Social communication becomes a matter of considerable interest to
contemporary linguistics, and this research branch is interrelated with a speech act theory. Metaphor is one of the most expressive  language devices and it is often used in the communication process.  It allows one to realize the speaker’s pragmatic intention and to  achieve the desired impact on the recipient. Basing on the speech  acts theory, the author explores the communicative function of the  metaphors selected from the French military vocabulary which dates  from the early XX century. The author focuses on the metaphors  encoding the military realities and shows that the metaphorical  functioning is conditioned by the psychological and pragmatic needs  which are closely connected to the everyday professional activity.  Furthermore, the use of metaphors in the speech provides the way to manifest the military corporate identity.

The paper features the genesis of printed advertisements as a specific genre with Russian newspapers as its main source. The  research is focused on the historical period from early 18 to early 20  century. The article traces the gradual separation of the genres of  advertisements and announcements in the course of the centuries. It points out and describes the key periods in the development of the  genre: mid 18th century, 1840s, late 19 – early 20, 1930s. The  article contains special linguistic and graphic features of  advertisements and explains various language and psychological  manipulation means, which appeared in the 19th century in Russian  newspapers and are still used in the modern advertising. According  to the article, the main factor in identification of advertisements as a  separate group from announcements is the intention to influence  on readers’ opinion according to the salesman’s goals. All the  conclusions are confirmed by examples from original sources.