The author chose to look for explanatory functional models of word formation not outside, but inside the language system, i.e., in its lexical and syntactic subsystems. The research used Runet search engines to identify the quantitative patterns of the Russian word-formation system, namely the word-formation type as its central unit. The quantitative characteristics of the word reflect its speech use and thus can serve as research method. The word-formation type appeared to combine derived lexical units with different quantitative potentials, i.e., unequal frequency. This phenomenon is a factor  of the functional stratification of the word-formation type. The study revealed the patterns of this stratification. The quantitative study of Russian substantive derivatives and their use in speech proved the effectiveness of the applied approach in identifying the functional and semantic variability within the corresponding word-formation types. Internet statistics made it possible to give a quantitative description of the lexical implementation of word-formation types, as well as word nests and paradigms, and to project their potential into their internal characteristics. 

The article presents a draft of a paroemiological dictionary exemplified by the concepts of friendship and friend in the Russian language. These concepts are universal and are reflected in the paroemiology of different languages. In Russian proverbs and sayings, they create a powerful axiological energy and generate numerous variants and synonyms. The article substantiates the relevance of the paroemiological dictionary. Most currently available dictionaries focus on the corresponding lexemes. However, folklore linguistic units are much more diverse and semantically multifaceted. In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, proverbs with the corresponding components are scarce, their sole purpose being to illustrate the lexemes of friend and friendship. The proposed project is intended to fill this gap in the Russian lexicography. The new dictionary is a result of a comprehensive processing of this abundant material. It classifies the lexicographic characteristics according to a single principle, i.e., based on the semantic core of the concepts friend and friendship. The article describes the structure, composition, and other lexicographic parameters of the dictionary.

The article introduces the Shor-Russian lexical interference as a speech phenomenon. It is determined by the peculiarities of the linguistic situation in the region and the nature of discourses where borrowings are recorded. Borrowings are opposed by the presence / absence of a Russian equivalent, the degree of development, etc. They are characterized by the types of discursive conditions that actualize the borrowings in the Russian speech. The study featured recordings of spontaneous oral speech of Shor-Russian bilinguals in the towns of Sheregesh and Tashtagol and in the village of Bolshaya Sueta (Kemerovo Region, 2017–2018). The recording time is 23 hours and encompasses more than 138,380 word tokens. The data were collected by field methods and analyzed with corpus methods, sociolinguistic questionnaires, and linguistic analysis. Interference as a speech phenomenon appeared to be stimulated by special communicative conditions, the imbalance of the language situation being one of them. The Russian language dominates functionally, while the functions of the modern Shor language are limited to intra-family communication, close groups of friends, and a marker of ethnocultural identity. Most borrowings remain a speech phenomenon. Entering the language-system, they are generally assessed as functionally limited, being actualized in the discourses of Shor identity. The ease of systemic-linguistic phonetic and morphological adaptation to the Russian language is determined by the high level of its acquisition in the studied type of bilingualism.

Systemic and structural linguistics has no answer to the question of how one can make new words, as formulated by Prof. L. V. Shcherba. Its methodology strives to distance itself from the human factor and human activity. The present article introduces an analysis of two derivatological concepts. The first one was developed by G. S. Zenkov, a prominent representative of the structural direction in Kyrgyz linguistics. The second belonged to L. A. Araeva, the founder of the Kemerovo derivatological school with its anthropocentric orientation. The processes of knowledge processing are consolidated by means of morphemic, semantic, and syntactic derivation. The national and cultural component of lexical meaning of motivated words, created by morphemic and semantic derivation, develops in a particular cognitive and discursive situation. This situation becomes clear if approached from the standpoint of another language. A language appears, develops, and functions not by the standards of an abstract person, but by those of a particular language user as part of a particular national, cultural, natural, and economic environment that gave rise to a particular ethnos. Consequently, the processes of creating new words cannot be studied abstractly and formally, but only as a response to the requests and challenges of a particular ethnic community.

The article features iterative-taxis categorical situations of simultaneity and non-simultaneity in German and Russian. The functional and semantic categories of taxis and iteration are closely interrelated. The intersection and syncretic unification of these functional-semantic categories makes it possible to define the model of their intercategorial interaction as a model of intercategorical crossing. Intercategorical crossing of taxis and iterative categories determines the actualization of various iterative-taxis categorical situations of simultaneity and non-simultaneity. They are actualized in iterative statements of various subtypes, e.g., verbal-iterative, deverbial-iterative, attributive-iterative, adverbial-iterative, etc., which contain iterative deverbatives, iterative verbs, and iterative quantifiers, i.e., attributes and adverbials. German and Russian proved to have such varieties of iterative-taxis categorial situations of simultaneity and non-simultaneity as (1) deverbative-iterative, (2) verbaliterative, and (3) adverbial-iterative and attributive-iterative. Actualization of certain iterative-taxis categorial situations of simultaneity and non-simultaneity depends on genetically-iterative, genetically-multiplicative, and word-formation-iterative deverbatives, as well as on iterative verbs of different semantics (actual iteratives, diminutives, multiplicatives, distributives, etc.) and iterative quantifiers (attributes and adverbials).

The present research featured linguistic units of the primary and secondary nomination, as well as expressive interjections, which describe the emotion of disgust and its physiological characteristics. The purpose of the research was to analyze the linguistic representations of disgust and to describe the physiological characteristics that reflect the fundamental status of the emotion. The study focused on the German lexeme Ekel, linguistic metaphors, metaphors with somatic components, and expressive interjections. The authors analyzed linguistic representations of the emotion of disgust, outlined its somatic components, described its physiological characteristics, defined the actual linguistic nomination of disgust, classified linguistic metaphors and metaphors with the somatic components according to linguistic hierarchy, and analyzed the somatic components that reflect the physiological characteristics of disgust. The emotion of disgust appeared to be based on such physical sensations as choking, nausea, and vomiting. The expressive interjections proved to reflect the intensity of the emotion. Disgust is represented at three levels: non-verbal – by facial expressions and gestures; physiological – nausea, asthma attacks, gag reflex; verbally – the base lexeme-representative der Ekel, the metaphor-word die Grenze, the metaphorword with the somatic component Brechmittel, the metaphor-phrase Ekel schüren, the metaphor-sentence with the somatic component Das Ekelhafte würgt mich, and the expressive interjections Bäh!, Ih!, Igitt!, Pfui!

The research features a manuscript of the Galician-Volynian Apostolus Christinopolitanus dated the XII century (The Lviv Historical Museum of Ukraine, No. 37). This manuscript is one of the earliest surviving copies of the Apostolus. It belongs to the Cyrillo-Methodian translation but contains a number of Preslavic readings. This paper focuses on the extratexts, i.e., inscriptions and in-junctions, in the Apostolus Christinopolitanus and presents a paleographic, orthographic, and phonetic analysis of the marginalia made by the three scribes of the manuscript. The author classified the marginalia made by the first scribe. The classification includes such types of postscripts as comments to facilitate the reading and edits to the main text, glosses, scholia, scribe's comments, etc. The analysis confirms that the extratexts were highly unified and standardized. The analysis of the linguistic features of the first scribe’s handwritten appendices shows the unified orthography of the main text and the marginalia, as well as reflects some features of the Old Russian of that time. The extratexts of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus also demonstrated a variety of pronunciations of Old Russian linguistic use. These texts prove the high degree of development of the book norm and the existence of normalizing aspirations in ancient Russian scriptoria.

The paper introduces a new method for modeling a terminological field with its content and structure. The method is a foundation for a computer program able to evaluate students’ professional knowledge both in qualitative and quantitative aspects. The method includes several stages: processing the lexical content of a terminological field, revealing elements that structure this content, and graphical representation of the terminological field model. The list of methods included the thesaurus approach and the componential analysis of lexical meaning. The thesaurus approach detects the basic types of semantic relationships between lexical units within a terminological field. The componential analysis explicates elements that arrange these units. The model is represented as a tree graph structure, which is ideal for visualizing multi-level hierarchic structures. This graph consists of two types of elements: terms and structure units. The method is designed to be flexible and versatile so that it can be effectively applied to any terminological field. The method can be applied to a specific terminological field in order to build its model with particular regard to all characteristic features of its content and structure

Mechanisms of topic-comment relations, or actual division of the sentence, attracted scientists of previous centuries. However, the general idea was that of connection between the theme and the rheme. Subject and predicate connection is an independent unit of grammatical and logical unity. In spontaneous speech, such units are seldom coherent. The coherence is a result of the speaker’s purpose that turns a flow of sentences into a super-phrasal unity with a common theme and syntactic coherence. The connection of the theme and the rheme makes a foundation for the hyper-theme and the hyperrheme of the narrative. The research featured the ways of transmitting the new and the known to the recipient. It also included coherence achieved by inversion, when the rheme can be interpreted as the theme as a result of inverted word order. A comparative analysis of parts within the super-phrasal unity revealed an important semantic-syntactic entity called "abstract" as a minimal element of text division. The predicative-relative complex that unites a few super-phrasal unities accompanies abstract division. Therefore, actual division is much broader than a mere connection of themes and rhemes but remains a part of communicative value in spite of the tendency to identify them as equivalents. A thorough analysis of coherence of linguistic units made it possible to describe the level of their informative value, as well as to single out the semantic components that render the idea to the greatest extent. In an ambiguous situation, it enables to choose the right variant thanks to extra-linguistic connections. Thus, the text is a unit marked by the coherence of semantic and syntactic relations. The text is a realization of the author’s viewpoint developed thanks to a unique concept that constitutes the super-rheme, while the general theme is given in the form of the author’s subjective appeal to the reader.

The article introduces the primary and secondary functions of the anti-value concept of insincerity in the comic discourse of English culture. The anti-value concept of insincerity is considered as a complex concept. The author performed a cognitive and axiological analyses of the primary and secondary functions of this concept within comic discourse. The analysis featured 50 episodes of stand-up comedy, 40 episodes of various sketchcoms, and 500 episodes of various sitcoms. Insincerity proved to be a complex humorous concept actualized through primary and secondary functions. The primary function of the concept is realized through obvious lies or hypocrisy. In its secondary function, the concept of insincerity is actualized in making fun of various anti-values, e.g., greed, cowardice, cruelty, lust, etc. In modern English culture, insincerity is a positive means of ridiculing other anti-values. In such cases, stupidity of the deceived one is usually ridiculed, and insincerity becomes a sign of smartness or cunning.

The article describes a domestic cognitive model objectified by figurative signs of the moon and the sky concept structures. The authors determined the set of variants of the domestic cognitive model by updating the cognitive signs of the moon and the sky concepts. Using conceptual, descriptive, and interpretive analyses, they also highlighted the figurative signs realized in the cognitive models of the house. The research generalized the figurative and architectural signs of the Russian linguaculture, assigned to the moon and the sky. It revealed five main variants of the domestic cognitive model. Their presence in the linguistic worldview can be explained by several factors: 1. The importance of the topic for all native speakers. 2. Transfer, of signs of the habitable space of the earth to the sky and celestial objects. 3. Comparison of the developed and undeveloped space of the earth and the sky. 4. Biblical allusion to the Genesis, including the creation of the sky and the moon. Variants of the domestic cognitive model of the sky and the moon concepts were as follows: 1. sky – building / structure, e.g., a high rise with a dormer window; moon – lamp, e.g., candelabrum, lamp, light bulb, halogen lamp, horn, lantern, etc. 2. Sky – house / building, e.g., a house with a roof, windows, doors, threshold, floor, walls; moon – lamp, e.g., kerosene lamp, candle, etc. 3. Sky – tent, e.g., royal mansions, temple, church, military fortification. The moon has no place in this model. 4. Sky – yurt, e.g., a structure with walls made of felt in the form of a dome with a threshold separating the inhabited world from the alien. The moon is not represented in this model. 5. The sky – dwelling of God, e.g., a temple with a dome and a vaulted ceiling, an iconostasis; moon – lamp, e.g., a celestial lamp as sacred as the sun).

The article introduces the development of the content of Humanity as a universal of the Russian linguistic culture and an important structure-forming component of the national ethical worldview. The research objective was to study the relationship between the language and the ethno-historical consciousness of the Russian people. It was based on historical dictionaries of the Russian language, Old East Slavic and Old Russian language corpora, and modern texts from the national corpus of the Russian language. A cognitive experiment revealed the content of humanity as a cultural universal in the linguistic consciousness of young people. The research traced the dynamics of the concept and identified its invariable axiological component. The universal of humanity was greatly influenced by the Christian (Orthodox) tradition, Western European socio-cultural attitudes, and Soviet ideology. The lexeme entered the Russian language during the first three decades of the XIX century from European languages as a semantic synonym for the love for mankind. Some Old East Slavic and Old Russian texts contained a fairly large number of lexemes that name various practical manifestations of humanity, e.g., blagostynya, blagoserdiye, blagodetel'stvo, blagoutrobiye, miloserdiye, milost', etc. At the stage of lexical development, the word humanity meant the positive quality of educated people, like elsewhere in Western Europe. In Soviet Russia, the phenomenon of humanity began to be understood as disinterested help to an indefinite multitude of the "poor and oppressed", as benevolence towards all "working people", and an uncompromising struggle against "enemies". In the modern Russian linguistic culture and the linguistic consciousness of students, humanity is associated primarily with such axiological dominants as kindness, compassion, love for one's neighbor, and respect and caring attitude towards all living things.

The research features letters written by soldiers of the Great Patriotic War. It focuses on the written speech skills of military letter-writers and their written speech personalities. The study involved the method of scientific description and the comparative analysis. The article introduces such terms as natural written speech, linguistic personality, written speech personality, and text. War correspondence is an example of natural written speech. Based on N. B. Lebedeva's authentic typology of the written-speech personality, the authors defined five types of linguistic personalities and arranged them according to the inclusion of the letter-writer in the written code. The scale ranges from letter-writers with a poor command of the written language and those who easily switched from oral to written speech. The latter were eager to use the written channel of communication as a means of self-expression.

According to linguistic creativity studies, the text is a product of creative activity of the author, who uses linguistic innovations and creative means mainly at the lexical level. However, linguistic creativity can manifest itself at any linguistic level. The present research featured the manifestation of linguistic creativity at the level of communication and discourse. The paper describes the formats of interaction between the author and the reader in the text of a comic book, which acts as a parameter of linguistic creativity on the communicative and discursive level. American comic books about Spider-Man, Hulk, and Daredevil (1960s–1980s) contain the traditional narrator – reader / listener interaction when the author comments on the real events and gives detailed information about the devices and appliances used by the characters. New creative formats include we (creators) – you (reader) and we (creators and readers). In the we (creators) – you (reader) format, authors share their opinions on the current comic book, publish teasers about the next issue, congratulate themselves and the personages on the work done, and openly communicate with readers through letters to the editorial office. The we (creators and readers) format presupposes a joint participation of authors and readers in the story. These formats emerge under the influence of temporal, cultural, social, economic, and political factors and are mediated by the discursive practices of rotation, dissemination, approximation, convergence, etc.