The paper features the dynamics of the internalization of the professional values in university students of deontology direction during their training. The research employed such research methods as D.A. Leontyev’s test of life-sense orientations, the questionnaire of the level of subjective control, and M. Rokich’s test. The paper presents some results of a longitudinal study of the internalization of the professional values in the future specialists of the deontological profile at various stages of study at the university. The authors used a sample group of 120 students to prove some significant differences in value-semantic characteristics. They conducted a comparative analysis of the value-semantic orientations of the students, who majored in various subjects. The students of the deontological profile revealed a stronger internalization of professional values, as well as stronger professional selfrealization, interpersonal relations, altruistic values, and values of the acceptance of others. The authors believe that the organization of educational process influences the structure of value-semantic orientations of university students. They prove that practice-oriented methods help students cope with the crisis of professional development. The results of the research can be used in the educational process at various educational institutions, as well as in consulting students on the problems of personal and professional development. 

The article presents the results of a study of the body image in women aged 40–60 who are at the stage of menopausal transition, i.e. in premenopause, perimenopause and menopause itself. A study conducted on a group of Russianspeaking women showed that they had a negative image of their own body and experience the so-called "standard discontent with appearance", like women in many other cultures. The women were concerned with their weight and shape and dissatisfied with the functional characteristics of their bodies. The body image, however, was not related to the presence or absence of menstruation, which is consistent with research data around the world demonstrating that "menopause as a disease" is a cultural rather than a biological phenomenon. The study shows that the body image of mature women correlates with the body mass index, but weight is by no means the only factor determining the phenomenon under consideration. The present research demonstrates the cultural specificity of the image of the body in mature women: the authors validated and translated Verbal Commentary on Physical Appearance Scale, and it revealed no Positive Idea of Body Weight and Shape factor. 

The paper features the identification of individual-specific patterns of personal potential among the rural youth of the North of Siberia with and without alcohol dependence. The research methods included E. Y. Mandrikova’s questionnaire "Selfactivity", S. Maddi’s test in resilience (adapted by D. A. Leontiev and E. I. Rasskazova), D. A. Leontiev’s questionnaire "Reflection", E. Diener scale of subjective well-being, M.Ritsner’s questionnaire of quality of life satisfaction, R. Janoff-Bulman’s scale of basic beliefs, and B. Scheldon’s scale of self-determination. The research revealed some general trends in the structure of personal potential among the rural youth of the North of Siberia. It also made it possible to establish the types of deformations of personal potential among the young people with alcohol dependence syndrome. The resources and personal potential deficiencies identified by the present research may help to determine the targets of psychological correction, as well as to  choose psychotherapeutic and psychocorrectional methods in the provision of specialized medical and psychological assistance in the prevention, therapy, and rehabilitation of young people with alcohol addiction.

The present research features a model of acmeological invariants of professionalism inherent to heads of vocational educational institutions. The paper provides an analysis of the basic concepts of professionalism in the national psychology, in particular, the professionalism of managers in the field of vocational education. It was established that the professionalism of managers in the field of education can be considered in terms of competence approach. The article describes the concept of "cognitive style" as an individual way of information processing, considered as metacognitive ability. The authors conducted a study of acmeological invariants of professionalism, including personal characteristics, management skills, motivational and value spheres, and cognitive features of information processing displayed by the heads of vocational educational institutions. The article describes the factors of professionalism obtained during the implementation of the  expolatory factor analysis. As a result, the authors allocated four blocks of acmeological invariants of professionalism. They include professional, personal, value, and social components. The paper also contains an analysis of the main components of the model. The authors note the leading role of feedback between the director and the employees, the importance of the social component expressed in the ability of the director to build a system of communication with the subordinates, and the importance of cognitive styles, which are directly included in the structure of the main factors of the model.

The research defines the relationship between the content of the image of the professional future and sport engagement in the future N ational Guardsmen. Methods: the study involved 170 cadets of the military institute. They were asked to write an essay entitled «My professional future». The texts were studied with the help of the content analysis and qualitative psychosemantic analysis. Besides, a questionnaire survey was used: the participants were to rank the maturity indicators of the image of the future. Results: cadets with an average level of sport involvement showed a better image of professional future. According to the content of the image, athletes demonstrated a deeper understanding of the true values of the officer as opposed to utilitarian and selfish aspirations displayed by those not involved in sports. The scope of the results: the results can be used in the organization of sports activities in military schools. Summary: sports activities play an important role in the training of an officer of the National Guard troops: it is a necessary condition for the formation of the image of the professional future as part of the value-semantic foundations of the professional identity of the future officer. 

The present research features manifestation of emotional intelligence in preferences for conflict interaction tactics in Russian and Dutch test groups. The experiment included 146 Russian (40.4 % men, 59.6% women, mean age 20.15) and 125 Dutch students (33.6 % men, 66.4 % women, mean age 21.62). The method of behavioral scenarios was applied to evaluate preferences of tactics in a conflict situation. The participants were presented with interpersonal conflict scenarios with high power and equal partners in interpersonal and business relations. Their emotional intelligence was measured by Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test. The research showed that emotional intelligence predetermined preferences for constructive emotion expression in both groups. In addition, the Russian test group showed preferences for constructive problem solving, while the Dutch participants demonstrated less irony and showed no readiness for indirect aggression. 

The article features a historical, philosophical, and psychological analysis of the concept of volition in the framework of the energetic approach. While acknowledging the existence of different approaches to volition, the authors justify the necessity to investigate this phenomenon from a new angle taking into consideration its energy component. The paper describes the history of the development of the concept of energy and gives a comparative analysis of its definitions in philosophical and psychological literature, which makes it possible to state that philosophers treat energy as a physical phenomenon, whereas psychologists focus on the psychic component of this concept. The authors offer a detailed review of the literature (domestic and foreign) in which volition and volitional qualities are defined through energy costs, energy efforts, and the concept of energy is used when studying behaviour, motivation, self-regulation, etc. In conclusion, the authors give their own interpretation of volition within the energetic approach based on the synthesis of the points of view described. The authors also make an assumption that the energy of volition changes the state of consciousness, which, in the long run, leads to some purposeful actions. The research results will make it possible to disclose, to some extent, one of the aspects of the complicated concept of energy in psychology. It will also help to investigate and define the intricate and contradictory concept of volition. 

This article deals with the processes of linguistic and cultural transfer of nominations of the social diseases sphere in the diachronic aspect, as well as the factors that lead to the appearance and consolidation of new linguistic units in the language. The study features nominations related to the social diseases and medical spheres taken from bilingual and multilingual medical dictionaries and dictionaries of foreign words, scientific and popular science literature. We can distinguish the following diachronic classification of English words in Russian language: 1) non-assimilated anglicisms; 2) partially assimilated anglicisms; 3) fully assimilated anglicisms. The extralinguistic factors of linguistic and cultural transfer may include the interaction of cultures and the authority of the source language. The intralinguistic factors may include the absence of the equivalent in the native language, the tendency to use one word instead of a descriptive phrase, impossibility of formation of derivatives in the native language. 

The article examines the historical communication between two writers – Leonid Leonov («The Pyramid») and V. Sharov («Rehearsals», «Before and During», «Raising Lazarus», «Be like children»). The analysis featured the central artistic images and motifs of their novels, namely the Russian revolution and the people. According to the hypothesis, there are points of convergence between their historiosophical concepts. The Russian history, the way it was presented in their novels, was subjected to a multidimensional analysis, which revealed its catastrophism and eschatology. The revolution was largely demythologized by both Leonov and Sharov: they did not see it as an event that opened the possibility of creating a new world (paradise on earth) and a new man. So was the image of a God-bearing people who lost faith in the pursuit of social miracles. Both writers saw the revolution as the central historiosophical image of all Russian history. Both authors stressed the catastrophic and eschatological effect the revolution had for the foundations of Russian life, traditions, and Existence. Both authors used the symbolism of fire devouring Russia, its people, and every individual. In their novels, the revolution was an abyss which devoured millions of people and the  country itself. L. Leonov followed the theory of cyclical nature of Russian history; for him, the phenomenological essence of the revolution was a strange  and terrible delusion that captured the country and its people. V. Sharov was trying to prove the usual, repeatable character of revolution in Russian history: the cyclical nature of history was obvious to the writer. Sharov’s artistic strategy was to reproduce the individual word as a reaction to the revolution, words as expressions of attitudes towards reality, the metaphysical world, and God. History, according to Sharov, retains the traces of individual presence: it has a memory of i ts own. 

The article deals with the representations of the images of America and Europe in the linguistic consciousness of students from Arab countries. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the current geopolitical factors and the economic prerequisites governing the modern society. The object of the present study is the linguistic consciousness of the native Arab speakers. The subject is the country images that are formed in the mind of Arab culture members. The results of the research are based on the material obtained in the course of the free associative experiment. An analysis of the constructed associative fields made it possible to divide the verbal reactions into contiguity and similarity associations; to select the most frequent responses to the presented stimuli; to evaluate the valueemotional component of the images and to see the similarities and differences in the perception of the countries by Arab students; to show the hierarchy of semantic links and fields in estimates of incentives. The results of the study show that linguistic consciousness is a dynamic phenomenon, the formation of which is influenced by the modern political, economic, and sociocultural changes and transformations. 

The present research considers crowdsourcing as a method of linguistic experiment. The paper features an experiment with the following algorithm: 1) problem statement, 2) development, 3) and questionnaire testing. The paper includes recommendations on crowdsourcing project organization, as well as some issues of respondents’ motivation, questionnaire design, choice of crowdsourcing platform, data export, etc. The linguistic experiment made it possible to obtain data on the potential of the phonosemantic analysis in solving naming problems in marketing. The associations of the brand name designer matched those of the majority of the Internet pannellists. The experiment showed that crowdsourcing proves to be an available method within the network society. It gives an opportunity to receive objective data and demonstrates high research capabilities. The described procedure of the crowdsourcing project can be used in various linguistic experiments.

The paper deals with the concept of the Future tense found in the Portuguese linguistic tradition. As the Portuguese linguistics appeared in the context of the European linguistic tradition, the first part of the article features the main views on the Future tense from the Antiquity to the Renaissance. The second part of the article is devoted to the Future tense in the Portuguese linguistics in XVI – early XX century, namely Latin and Portuguese grammar books, as well as those on other European and some non-European languages. The present research has shown that the Renaissance scholars already raised the questions that remain topical in the current linguistics. Those included the problems of relative tenses, the tense distance, the differences of the Future tense expression in languages with different structures, the tense as a complex functional semantic category that is not limited by the verb features, the close connection between the Future tense and the modality. Linguists of the subsequent epochs contributed to the investigation of these issues: the descriptions made in the early XX century are very close to the modern ones.

The present study features speech errors Italian students make in translation as the most complex form of speech activity. The examined speech errors were made by both students at the Higher School of Translation and budding traslators. The low quality of technical translation and the large number of translation errors determined the scope of the present research: to draw the scientists’ attention to the problem in question, to generalize the translation practice, and to work out recommendations on preventing translation errors. The research employed general scientific methods (generalization, analysis, synthesis) and empirical research methods. The author puts forward some possible causes of error making, e.g. interlingual and cross-language interference, loan translations, etc. The author gives examples of the most typical student errors, indicates the specific reasons behind them, and offers recommendations for error prevention. The results of this study can be used for training and practical purposes. The author comes to the conclusion that it is impossible not to make errors due to the fact that the students cannot overcome interference while in their native linguistic environment. However, it is quite possible to reduce the number of errors. The article is composed of three parts. The introduction specifies the aims and tasks of the work. The main body of the article introduces some specific examples of student errors. In the conclusion, the author sums up recommendations for effective work in the learning process. 

Teaching extensive reading at university has a great potential for development of students’ linguistic, thinking and creative skills. By embracing the content of a literary work, students expand their vocabulary and increase their range of grammar constructions. Moreover, literary texts comprise a variety of social, ethical, and moral problems and are characterized by diverse conflicts. They are perceived and understood as a result of literary interpretation and are determined by readers’ life experience and attitudes, cultural and moral standards. Therefore, the reader-response theory becomes relevant, since it considers reading as transaction (interaction) between the reader and the text. It means that the meaning wasn’t put by the author once and for all but will be interpreted differently by different readers. Accordingly, there is no single interpretation of the literary work. The subject of this research is the problem of teaching extensive reading in English at university through reader-response theory. The purpose of the article is to introduce the premises of this theory making a case for its application and to describe the operation of literature circles as a local example of the scientific paradigm. The methodological framework of the research was comprised of the communicative approach to teaching English, task-based language learning and the studentcentered approach in collaborative learning. The article demonstrates that literature circles function in a group where each student performs his/her role and different layers of understanding of the literary text are uncovered through peer discussion. The results of the research can be of interest to both foreign language teachers and to the researchers dealing with applied methodology of teaching literature. The author proves that literature circles favorably affect both students’ motivation for extensive reading and English teaching enhancement at university. 

The article features an introspective conceptual and semantic analysis of paroemias with anthroponyms children / child and their secondary nominations. The analysis included linguoculturological correspondence between the components of Ukrainian and Russian paroemiological world images, verbalizing the valueaxiological content of the microconcept children. A comparative study of the paroemiological world images in closely related languages (Ukrainian and Russian) in the microconcept children showed the predominance of similar conceptual and semantic directions for assessing the role of both parents and children and their environment, places of residence, reflection on family relationships, and differences in lexico-grammatical formalization. In Ukrainian paroemia with the microconcept children, the ethno-cultural component proved to be more obvious; an appeal to the subject associates of certain conductor concepts was revealed. In Russian, sacred associates predominated. There were inconsistencies in the verbalization of those or other moral principles that postulate paremean contexts of closely related languages. Both Russian and Ukrainian paroemiological world images conceptualized the basic oppositional (us – them, small – large, natives – relatives) and non-oppositional meaning to reflect the value-axiological content of the microconcept children. The basic frames of such paroemias are education, love, protection, support, and material and spiritual state of the family. 

The research features the structures interpreted by many modern linguists as apposition. The spectrum of such structures is wide and varied. The identification of the relevant attributes of the category of apposition in the modern German language makes it possible to differentiate apposition from adjacent and similar syntactic formations. The main feature of apposition, which reflects their specificity, is the identical denotative correlation of the components. In the structural aspect, there are two models of apposition – free and connected ones. The main criteria for dividing apposition constructions into free and associated ones are the ability of the apposition group to expand and the intonational design, i.e. a merged or punctuated intonation. A separate version of the application fully meets the main feature of the apposition. An analysis of the structures attributable to the group of the associated application made it possible to narrow the group of apposition constructions. The author used the method of component  elimination. The structural formula of a bound apposition (N-N in a monoflective) became the basis for the formation of structures with a different semantics from the apposition.

Peoples of the North, though small-numbered, often obtain not one, but several names, which have the different frequency of use: they are self-names of specific groups and names given by their neighbours. The article deals with the evolution of the graphical depiction of the ethnonym Chukchi from the moment of its first appearance in documents of the mid-XVI century up to the final fixation of its spelling in the early XIX century’s legislation acts. The article also features the matter of regional Chukchi’s names and explains why the Russian language adopted this very ethnonym. The paper focuses on the peculiarities of the case inflection of the word Chukchi in the recent past. The author investigates the attempt to rename Chukchi to Luoravetlans, which the Soviet regime undertook in the pre-war period when many ethnonyms of the USSR peoples were changed, and explains why the new name did not take roots.

The article studies the functioning of the Crimean ethnic press from the end of XIX century to the beginning of the XXI century in the linguistic aspect, in particular, the role of the Russian language in Crimean ethnic publications of the past and the present is studied. Based on the analysis, the author draws conclusions about the main opportunities for using the state language in the ethnic press. The author believes that the ethnic press, which represents the interests of its ethnos and speaks on its behalf, should be extremely interested in giving information about the life of its people, its history, traditions, problems for as wide a range of readers as possible. And for this task, the ethnic press actively uses both state and languages of interethnic communication. This happened in Crimea, where, from the very moment of its appearance in January 1860, the ethnic press began to turn to the Russian language, striving to be as effective as possible in solving the problems of the represented ethnic groups and in promoting their achievements. According to the author, the Russian language in ethnic publications of the Crimea is non-alternative for editions of ethnic groups who have lost their native language; gives an opportunity to expand the audience for editions of ethnic groups, not all representatives of  which have a sufficient command of their native language; promotes the increase of the audience at the expense of representatives of other peoples interested in this or that cultural-national autonomy, while promoting intercultural dialogue and a tolerant approach to solving confessional and national problems; helps the representation of a certain ethnos at the national and international levels.

The article features the problem of supply of the garrison of the Fortress of the Holy Cross on the basis of materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. As a result of the Caspian campaign of Peter the Great (1722–1723), the Seaside Dagestan, including the Kumyk regions (the Shamkhalate of Tarki and the Zasulak Kumyk lands) entered the jurisdiction of the Russian Empire. To protect the new territories, a system of military fortifications was built. The Fortress of the Holy Cross was founded by Peter the Great in September, 1722, in the estuary of the Sulak River. It gradually became one of the economic, administrative, and political centers of the Caucasus.
The main information source on the matter remains the archive of the garrison headquartered in the Fortress of the Holy Cross. It includes numerous warrants, official reports, and other military documentation. The authors use the data to draw a complete picture of the military supply system invented by Peter the Great. The system provided both combat troops and regular garrisons with everything they needed to protect the borders of the Russian Empire. In fact, the system was based on logistic support (intendance) of imperial troops in peace and war time with ammunition, arms, food, medicines, finance, fuel, etc. 

The last-in first-out system of supply made it possible to reserve food and fodder in the country in advance and systematically bring them to the combat troops. 

The article features the role of the Biysk Fortress in the Russian colonization process in the Altai reagion. The author revealed the place of the Fortress in the administrative and political process which took place in the Kuznetsk province and generally in the South of Western Siberia in the end of the XVII – the middle of the XVIII century. The research was based on unpublished documents from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The research involved various problems of the stockaded town, i.e. the number of soldiers in the garrison and its supply organization, the identity of its clerks and their relations with Kuznetsk commanders and staff officers of regular military groups. The article shows that some decisions and actions of the county authorities had a negative influence on the defensive capacity of the fortress. The author identified four stages in the Biysk Fortress history of the first half of the XVIII century and recognizes the  priority of the administrative and political development over the fortification building in the management discourse at the local level. The author also highlighted the combination of classical and hybrid strategies and the Biysk Fortress management practices. The given facts make it possible to take a fresh look at the mechanisms of the Russian colonization of the Altai and the southern regions of Western Siberia.

The article features the policy of militant atheism during the period of late Stalinism in the late 1940s – early 1950s. The research is based on various studies on relations between the state and religious institutions. The authors used unpublished materials from regional and federal archives to investigate foreign and domestic affairs that triggered the change in the state religious policy in 1948. The paper describes the main prohibitive and restrictive measures against the Russian Orthodox Church at the state level. In the case of the Kemerovo region, the authorities attempted to close five Christian communities within one year. They did not recognize property rights on the place of worship and claimed that the churches were in unsatisfactory technical condition. The authors established that the claims of the authorities were merely formal, and the gross administrative measures to restrict religious life contradicted Soviet legislation. 

The research determines the dynamics of gold mining and identifies the specifics of the development of the gold industry in Salair in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The Salair ridge was then under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. At the end of the XIX century, the Cabinet spent a lot of money on geological survey of the ridge and invested in the development of the local gold mines. The extraction of gold during this period fluctuated within 6–8 poods (1 pood = 16 kg). At the beginning of the XX century, the Cabinet leased the Salair mines to private entrepreneurs and joint-stock companies. Such agreements were signed by Prince A. von Thurn und Taxis and Dr. Josef Jeanne (Austria), Arthur Stanley and mining engineer Farrukh Bek-Vezirov (Great Britain), State Councilor Berezin (Russia), and The Russian Gold Mining Company. Private companies operated more successfully than the Cabinet. In the XX century the extraction of gold in Salair increased. However, after the companies had developed the ready retrievable gold deposits, they ceased operating. As the calculations have shown, more than 3.6 tons of gold were mined on the Salair Ridge in 1892 – 1915. The main feature of the Salair gold mining was that gold was extracted both by the Cabinet and private companies, which means that state and private capital acted in parallel. 

The research features Professor and surgeon V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky who made an enormous contribution to the treatment of the wounded, disabled veterans and civilians during World War II. The paper focuses on the methods he introduced into the extensive system of evacuation hospitals in the Krasnoyarsk region. Prof. Voyno-Yasenetsky’s significant surgical practice and other professional actions were generalized in his monograph "Delayed resection for the infected gunshot wounds to the joints". The present study focuses on V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky's work in the hospitals of the Krasnoyarsk territory in 1941–1944 and its content, methods, and techniques. The author draws some conclusions about the effectiveness of Prof. Voyno-Yasenetsky’s methods that allowed him to save many lives. The results of the study can be used by historians doing research on base hospitals of World War II, as well as by those interested in the biography of Prof. V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky.

The study defines the positions of the first secretaries of the Siberian regional committees of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in the field of economic management in 1965 – 1985. After sector ministries had been restored, regional CPSU leaders declared that management institutions had to be moved to production centers, thus demanding the organization of inter-regional sector bodies on their territories. The paper shows how regional initiatives were supported by the central party-state bodies that introduced public debates and kept sending letters to the CPSU Central Committee, the heads of the USSR Council of Ministers, and the USSR State Planning Committee. The author managed to reveal the conflicts between the first secretaries of the regional committees of the CPSU. The conflicts were caused by the growing need to control the territorial administration bodies of the allied ministries and departments. One may conclude that the regional party bodies intended to strengthen the coordination of the local economic policy. However, the policy was controversial: on the one hand, there was a need to eliminate the redundant management levels of sector ministries and departments; on the other hand, there was a strong motivation to increase the staff of sector departments of regional and regional party committees. 

The article deals with Russian historical researches of XX–XXI centuries that illustrated children’s everyday life behind the lines during World War II. There has recently been a surge of interest to the events of 1941–1945 among Russian historians and the general public, hence the significant amount of papers devoted to everyday life in wartime. Studies in wartime childhood are of great interest due to the fact that childhood of millions of children coincided with the war time. They worked as hard as adults to compensate for the lack of human resources in all spheres of national economy. As a result, most of the analyzed papers were devoted to various aspects of child labour issues. Other topics included school life, living conditions, and leisure time of young Siberians.

The study features the origins and development of the coercive component of the system of social and labor relations in the defense industry of the pre-war Siberia. Its goal is to identify the prerequisites and causes, the general trends and specifics of this strengthening, the essence of which was in the qualitative  transformation of the personnel incentive strategy "The lower the discipline – the higher the punishment". The methodological basis of the research is the author's version of the concept defined by American historians and sociologists Ch. and K. Tilly about the three universal factors of labor motivation (reward, motivation, and coercion). According to their theory, such a strategy acted as a coercive mechanism that was enacted with the help of material, moral, disciplinary (ordinary), and criminal (extraordinary) sanctions. The methodology shows the evolution of the scope of punishment in the Siberian military industry in the period from December 28, 1938 to June 21, 1941. At the first stage (December 28, 1938 – June 25, 1940), the Soviet state made an unsuccessful attempt to adapt the ordinary practices of compulsory strategy to the policy of militarization of the economy, which resulted in an increase in the proportion of dismissed truants in the general turnover of workers. At the second stage (June 26, 1940 – June 21, 1941), the government relied on a combination of ordinary and extraordinary practices, which made it possible to reduce such disciplinary offenses as truancy and unauthorized leave. However, in Siberia this effect was less tangible due to the fact that the regional defense industry was at the stage of initial deployment, which was carried out mainly by the working youth, who had not yet acquired the norms of industrial labor culture.

A lot of new rock art images of Tashtyk epoch have been discovered on the Yenisei recently, engravings being the most informative of them. The paper presents some new materials that may deepen the understanding of the Tashtyk culture. Some of the examples some are unique. The most interesting engravings are the anthropomorphic images of Tashtyk warriors (hunters?) found all over mount Tepsei. The petroglyphs make it possible to reconstruct the appearance of the people who inhabited the Minusinsk basin for they depict headware, hairstyle, and various elements of clothes. The images have direct analogies with the figures of warriors on the wooden plaques discovered in one of the Tashtyk burials on Tepsey, which allowed scientists to identify the ethnicity of some of the depicted characters. The Tepsey pictorial materials, including rock images, add to the understanding of the Tashtyk people’s appearance: in those unique images we can clearly see them wearing short trousers as well as some new kinds of headwear, which may be the evidence of the previous Tesin tradition and, probably, the Hunnu influence. 

The article features the influence of Buddhism, which appeared in Japan in the first half of the VI century, on the expansion of writing and written culture in Yamato. The author believes that the Chinese dynastic stories underestimated the expansion of writing in Japan during the VI century in their wish to link the appearance of the written language with Buddhism, which contradicts the finds of ancient Japanese epigraphic inscriptions on swords and mirrors made in the V century. The confusion in the Chinese sources probably arose from the ancient tradition of talking knots and cuts on wooden plates in the early VI century. Yamato had to refuse from this practice when Buddhism entered Japan in the early VI century. First, Buddhism was introduced at the court of the unrecognized Yamato ruler, prince Hironiwa (future Kimmei) in 538 A.D. It was officially recognized during his rule in 552 A.D., which was confirmed by the Chinese dynastic histories. To read Buddhist literature and write in good Chinese, new Japanese adepts and scientists had to master thieroglyphic writing.

The research features the prison practice in the monasteries of the Yenisei diocese in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The research objective was to study the composition of the prison population in the Orthodox monasteries of the Yenisei diocese and the legal rules governing the status of the epitimizes in the mansions of the region. The work uses the comparative historical method and critical analysis of historical sources, which made it possible to specify the number of those under penance (epitimia) in the monasteries of the diocese, the conditions of their detention, and to highlight the main features of the prison work of the monasteries. The analysis revealed that the penal role of the monasteries had decreased by the beginning of XX century. Eventually, the monasteries of the Yenisei diocese were relieved of this function, which corresponded with the national trends.

The subject of this study is the agriculture of the Morin-Dawa Daur Autonomous region. The purpose of the article is to study the agricultural development of the national autonomy of the Daur people in 1958–1984. The author used foreign and Russian sources and employed chronological, retrospective, and concrete historical methods of research. The article features the formation and development of people's communes and production brigades in the autonomous region, as well as their agricultural activities during the years of the "big leap", "cultural revolution", and "reform and opening up" in China. The author also studied the degradation of agriculture and pastures during the "cultural revolution". The results of the research can be applied in scientific and practical studies of the agriculture of the national minorities of the People’s Republic of China, in a comparative study of the national economic complexes of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. The author concludes that the development of agriculture of the Morin-Dawa Daur Autonomous region was an integral part of the nation-wide processes in the Chinese agriculture.