The paper presents the results of researching the connection between frequency of chromosomal aberrations and polymorphic variants of genes of xenobiotics biotransformation and DNA repair enzymes in heat power industry workers. The authors show that in the experimental group the frequency of metaphases with aberrations was – 3,91 ± 0,15 %, which was statistically significantly higher than in the control group: 2,06 ± 0,17 %. Cytogenetic disorders did not depend on sex, age and working experience. The comparative analysis of polymorphic loci of genes of xenobiotics biotransformation and DNA repair enzymes in groups of major production facilities workers and control donors showed statistically significant differences in the incidence of the major TT and heterozygous TG genotypes of the APE1 gene. The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities was significantly higher in holders of GSTT1 «0/0», GA genotypes of the XRCC1 gene, TG genotype of the APE1 gene – in the experimental group; GSTM1 «0/0», GA of the XRCC1 gene, TC of the ADPRT gene – in the control group. It has been established, that in individuals with the combination of GSTM1 «0/0» and GSTT1 «0/0» levels chromosomal aberrations are significantly higher than in the the examinees with the «protective» form of these genes.

The paper studies the largest and mightiest estate of Dagestan – the Shamkhalate of Tarki. This feudal foundation could be characterized with highly developed economics and social structure of the society. In the late 16th – first half of 17th centuries the Shamkhalate of Tarki played the main part in politic events in Dagestan. The Tarki shamhals pursued the policy directed on the Shamkhanate’ remaining indepent from the three neighbouring empires (Russia, Turkey and Iran), and on dominating in the political life of Dagestan state foundations.

The paper analyzes the personnel of prisons on the territory of Eastern Siberia in the period of anti-Bolshevik governments. Attention is drawn to the continuity of the Imperial Russia’s standard legal base, structure and mostly the managing executives andpersonnelof prisons.

The paper analyzes the topical issueof the number of prisoners in prisons of anti-Bolshevik regimes in Eastern Siberia. The authors believe that the evaluations of Soviet historians were clearly overestimating. However, the exact number of prisoners in the region remains to be counted. The paper analyzes the social and gender composition of prisoner. The authors conclude that Russian historiographers’ opinion that Kolchak’s prisons were sites of mass destruction is not supported by facts.

The paper is devoted to the activities of the Altai Republic authorities in the years of the economic crisis. The author examines the economic situation of the region, analyses the major Government measures to combat the crisis, explores the relationship of the Altai Republic and the Federal Center. The paper focuses on new forms of management that emerged in the economy of the region in the early 1990s.

The paper is devoted to the scientific work of the German historian Carl Erdmann. Erdmann was one of the several historians who declared their disagreement with nationalistic ideology in the Third Reich. He had doubt in the results of the excavations of Henry I’s grave in Quedlinburg. That excavation was done under the personal control of the strong chief of the Nazi security service Heinrich Himmler. As a result, Erdmann never became a university professor, although he was one of the most talented German specialists in the sphere of the Middle Ages.

The paper focuses on the stability of nonlinear system of differential equations. The system simulates the process of computer virus propagation into the network. The Lyapunov methods are used for analysis. The research revealed the conditions of the stability of virus infection equilibrium. Numerical simulations are provided to support the theoretical conclusions.

The paper considers some issued of program realization of counters with the changeable basis of a numeral system and switched-off categories in the computer procedures realizing the method of simple search. Their use allowed to create a method of calculatinf the structure of kinematic chains for a set number of links, based on search of integer decisions of a three equations system. One of the equations represents the developed sum of links of various complexity necessary for creation of a chain, the second – the sum of kinematic couples introduced by links in a chain, and the third equation is V. V. Dobrovolsky's formula connecting the mobility of a chain with nomenclature of kinematic couples.

The paper considers some issues of history of formation and development of recreational activity, as well as experience of developing the fundamental theoretical bases and forms of the organization of rest in Russia. Modern problems of organizing recreational activity are revealed with the example of North Caucasus federal district. Methodological basis of the work is cluster approach, as the leading in the organization of tourist activity. The model of a recreational cluster consisting of three levels is suggested. The characteristic of existing types of territorial and recreational systems in North Caucasus federal district is given along with some suggestions for formation of an effective cluster structure for the tourist activity in the region.

RETRACTED ARTICLE

The author addresses the problem of professional foreign language competence and researches its structure and components in engineering students.
Different positions and points of view on the stated problem are analized to provide the structural analysis of the research results. Taking into account some positions and issues on this problem several conclusions on the professional foreign language competence in different kinds of future specialists activity were made.
As a result of scanning this problem, the structure and components of professional foreign language competence were revealed for engineering students of technical universities. In accordance with this structure, the process of forming foreign language competence is implemented for engineering students.
In the frames of modern nuclear power development in the Space the mentioned consideration of the problem is supposed to be very important and actual nowadays.

The paper is devoted to the problem of interaction between school and family. Analyzing the works of Russian teachers of the 19th century, the author examines the ways of interaction of school with family, involving parents in the teaching and educational process and participation of parents in school’s management; pedagogical education of parents, their assistance to teachers in realization of control over child’s behavior and progress is considered.

The paper presents the results of researching activities of higher educational institutions regarding the urgent problem of transition to innovative development. One of the important conditions for the development of innovative high schools is to integrate control and additional professional education of academic staff. The purpose of this study is the development and theoretical basis of integration system of control and additional professional education focused on innovative development of the educational organization. The methods of analysis, modeling, experimenting, etc. were used. As the result, the authors suggest an approach of transition to innovative development of the university based on the integration of control and additional professional education of academic staff. The proposed approach can be applied both at universities and other educational organizations.

The paper is devoted to the problem of improving management system of methodical work in the university on the basis of the pedagogical model of the work of the university’s Methodical Department. The model of the work of the university’s Methodical Department is described. The main results of using this model for organizing methodological work in the university are: improvement of teachers’ methodical competence and students ' readiness for professional activity.

The paper focuses on age peculiarities of teenagers and effective methods of educational process organization. Basing on the research that revealed the main age peculiarities of teenagers, the authors suggest some pedagogical methods aimed at increasing the students’ motivation, such as didactic games and organization of different extracurricular activities.
The proposed pedagogical methods allow to solve the problem of organizing educational process for teenagers, taking into account their age peculiarities.

Article reviews the scientific ideas and approaches in the study of the phenomenon of a healthy lifestyle. The article substantiates the essential characteristics, components, criteria, indicators and levels of the formation of  directivity on a healthy lifestyle the senior pupils.

The paper analyzes the features of monologues of primary school students with mental retardation that were revealed in the process of speech therapy survey, the authors define the criteria for assessing the level of monological speech development. The paper reveals the influence of the level of monological speech development on mastering the requirements of educational process in classes of correctional and compensatory education.

The paper addresses the problem of step-families in Russia. The authors suggest an original typology and approaches to characterizing step-families of different types, suggest social and demographic characteristics of step-family couples, and analyze the surveyed couples’ social and family situation before a step-family creation.

Due to the distribution of the inclusive and integrated education of handicapped children there is a large number of problems in the organization of the educational process. Therefore studying of psychological features and formation of readiness for school education of children of these categories becomes urgent. The paper presents the results of the stating experiment whose purpose was to reveal the psychological readiness for school education of children with a hearing impairment. Diagnostics of psychological readiness for school education was accomplished within three main components: intellectual, emotional and volitional, motivational. As a result the children with the III and the IV degrees of sensory motor bradyacusia lag behind the children without hearing impairment in development in all studied components. The implanted children are approached to the selection of preschool children without hearing impairment in development of emotional, volitional and intellectual components. These results have the practical importance for forming the psychological readiness for school education and for the choice of educational institution for children with a hearing impairment.

At present, we are developing an empirical study of the developmental potential of system of personal activities at different stages of professionalization. Relevance of research bases on the need for further detection of resources for the professional’s personal development, and improving the efficiency of the professional’s work under the condition of preserving psychological health (and to identify ways of preventing their violations). The aims of the article are: operationalization of the theoretical construct of “developmental potential of activities”; description of the method of studying the system of activities arranged to determine the place of professional activity in the individual hierarchy of activities; justification criterias and methods for evaluating developmental potential of the system of personal activities. Methodological basis is the poly-activities version of cultural-activity approach. We suggest a complex of criteria to assess the developmental potential of the system of activities. It contains objective criteria such as the level of selfactualization, and subjective criterias such as the level of subjective well-being and job satisfaction. The paper presents the results of researching the system of activities in students with different levels of self-actualization. Empirical research has shown the validity of our method for researching the system of activities, as well as the value of the level of self-actualization as a criterion for the optimal development of the personality and harmony of the system of activities.

The paper analyzes of problem of using psycho-correctional methods to optimize the process of conscripts’ adaptation. The experience of Russian psychologists’ using of psycho-correctional methods of with different categories of military men is analyzed. The paper examines the special aspects of using psycho-correctional methods to optimize the process of conscripts’ adaptation.

The authors provide specific recommendations on integrating traditional and innovative forms of work with children, in practice, to improve the educational and learning process in pre-school educational institutions. The paper presents a comprehensive approach to modeling relationships with parents and families of pre-school children with special needs.

The paper provides the analisys of the emperically found interrelation between life quality subjective appreсiation and hardiness. It is revealed that such resources are differently connected according to person's age or profession. So the research complements the subjective life quality determinant conception.

The paper presents the results of a research of the impact of lecturer’s personality on professional development of future railwaymen and lecturers. It opens and justifies as exemplified by modern research the role of the lecturer’s personality not only as a carrier and transmitter of professional knowledge and skills that are necessary for training professionals, but as a mentor, tutor of the future professional and at the same time as a "model" of a professional, as a representative of the advanced part of professionals – masters in their field.
The research is based on the study of subjective well-being of first-year students and graduate students as representatives of “human-technology” and “human-human” types of professions, as an integrative indicator of the quality of professional formation. Results of the study allow to consider special aspects of professional formation in such criteria as: motivation for choice of profession, adaptation to educational activity, specifics of formation of professionally important qualities, special aspects of interaction in the lecturer-student system and attitude to occupation. The main conclusion confirming the results of numerous studies is that the lecturer’s personality as model of a professional providing vocational training plays a significant role in the process of formation of a professional’s personality. Discussion of research results includes practical advice about the organization of psychological support for professional formation of student's personality taking into account the specificity of professional distinctiveness.

The paper refers to the theoretical basis of self-development category as a form of personality’s existential responsibility; internal and external factors which determine the significance of self-development for personality are analyzed.

Получены асимптотические формулы для уширения кривой поглощения классического циклотронного резонанса (ЦР) в условиях резонансного рассеяния электронов на атомах примеси. Расчеты проведены с учетом распределения Максвелла. Оценки показывают, что возможный виртуальный уровень (~ 0,4 мэВ) в квазидвумерных полупроводниках на порядок меньше чем в объемных (порядка мэВ), это указывает на то, что область температур соответствующих резонансному рассеянию электронов в квазидвухмерных полупроводниках менее 1K. 2D полуширина линии поглощения достигает максимума при 0,2 K. Зафиксирована температурная щель (0,2 ÷ 0,62) K в спектре поглощения, это указывает на то, что более совершенная теория уширения требует учета рассеяния электронов на приповерхностных акустических фононах, 2D ионах примеси и квантовых поправок.

The paper addresses the example of pseudo-historical postmodern novels by the modern writer V. Sharov to consider the intellectual and spiritual personality process of collecting and preserving evidence and documents the existence of a particular family in the infinite chaotic movement of Russian history. What the analysis of the novels’ poetics discovers in the Sharov’s artistic world picture is the development of the motive of a person's gaining memory of the past as the most important spiritual momentum of the movement of history.

The paper aims at contributing to the topic of «Contextual synonymy of Information Technology blogs discourse as a way of concept representation» based on cognitive approach. The author tries to find out the role of contextual synonyms describing the content of a concept in a definite field of knowledge, identify some peculiarities of contextual synonyms meaning and functioning, and observe concept representation in particular discourse. 1500 synonyms of Information Technology blogs discourse were studied. It provides better understanding of cognitive mechanisms, shows the way knowledge interpretation and representation takes place, highlights some virtual discourse peculiarities and contributes to the further development of nomination theory. Continuous sampling approach, component analysis method, definitional method, descriptive method, comparison, contextual analysis techniques were used. The author proves that despite widely recognized role of synonyms in conceptual model of the world representation, the impact of contextual synonyms cannot be overestimated as they are of particular interest for studying. They allow observe the underlying cognitive mechanisms. The difference between contextual synonyms denotations becomes unimportant while describing a concept. Thus, contextual synonyms of Information Technology blogs discourse serve for the most complete concept description and perform some important functions.

The paper focuses on specific features of functioning of images and motives of disease, pain, deformation, madness, death, etc., which are common for the literary process of the late 20th century, in modern Russian writer Mikhail Shishkin’s prose. In Shishkin’s art works poetics of destruction becomes one of the fundamental principles of organizing the event side of the text and the leading strategy of the author’s anthropology and gnoseology.

The paper describes proper names as a productive element of word-formation process in Legal English. The authors highlight the modern tendencies in linguistics, namely, determinalisation and interminalisation, with the example of proper name-based terms in the Anglo-American terminology. The regular word-formation models of proper namebased terms in different spheres of law are described and analyzed.

The paper is devoted to revealing initial motives in E. Grishkovets’s monodrama «How I Ate a Dog». Along with the ritual component, the author’s representation of military service includes absurdity that not only destroys the past of the hero and his memory of childhood, but also does not allow to form a new person, adult. Particular attention is given to access to cultural tradition, which is one of the main purposes of initiation and which becomes the main way of personality leveling in Grishkovets’s play. Central situation of the play – eating a dog – shows how the attempt to join an alien culture turns into destruction of the one’s own childhood. Thus, the initiation in E. Grishkovets’s play appears as a stub detaining a person in the “anti-world”. Instead of making a full-fledged hero and a respected member of the adult male, the world initiation destroys his personality.

The study of the language ability plays an important role for determining the methodical prerequisites for successful teaching by identifying the key moments in the formation of a linguistic personality. The implementation of the communicative needs of the individual is built through a hierarchically organized construct (the actual language ability), consisting of phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic, semantic components.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the London text of English literature that is one of the main super-texts in Anglo-Saxon culture. London text of English literature almost has almost never been analyzed before. The paper aims at analyzing the peculiarities of a child as one of the certain types of characters in London text of English literature, which shows the worldview of this super-text. The author researches interpretation and representation of the key concept child in novels by D. Defoe, Ch. Dickens, J. Greenwood, F. Burnett, etc. This concept often gains meaning of 'desolated' in London text of English literature, and the death of the young characters is often one of the main events in the super-text. This concept helps to create the urban space where kindness and innocence are almost confused with evil and sin. The results of this research can be used in further analysis of London text of English literature, and other urban super-texts.

The paper is devoted to discovering the semantic content of the concept of spiritual heart in the philosophy of the outstanding representative of the Indian culture, the largest thinker, the yogi and spiritual master Sri Chinmoy (1931 – 2007). The problem of the ontological status of spiritual heart, which has little been studied in philosophy so far, is brought to the fore. The author analyzes Sri Chinmoy's ideas about the role of this anthropological structure in the further evolutionary movement of a human being in the context of universal oneness existence.

The paper analyzes features of management in the processes of social changes are analyzed and high possibility of controllability reforming, essential signs of model of reform as way of achievement of the purpose of public changes and decrease in degree of uncertainty of results.

The paper examines the role and position of science in the society and present-day person mentality. Contradictoriness, consideration and perception extremity of different sociality phenomena are stressed, including person’s attitude to the science and its role in the society. The antinomy of perception is determined, on the one hand, by scientific and technical factor, which is the topping criterion of contemporary civilization indicating the public and cultural development. Absolute faith in science and sci-tech progress was common for industrial society till the mid-twentieth century but with tendency of decrescent stability. On the other hand by the turn of the century when the practical scientific advances take on special significance, quite the reverse tendency appeared and prior absolute faith was reviewed. The reasons of this phenomenon are analyzed in the given research.

On the basis of research works of Russian literature and art, the paper analyzes Theotokos as an archetype of the Russian soul. The dominance of female (maternal), Messianic, sacrificial beginning in the soul is shown. The image of the virgin is presented as layered and denoting different states of the soul: from the highest spiritual to neutral and seciular. Through the image of Theotokos the search for the self-identity of the Russian soul is performed.

The paper examines the main terms used by al-Farabi in constructing of his own language model. The author analyzes the role and place of each term in the Eastern thinker’s concept of the language, focuses on the symbolic nature of his linguophilosophical theory, and proves the lexical character of the system of symbolism. The author considers the features of al-Farabi’s approach to terminological tools and emphasizes the relevance of the mentioned theme for the modern Russian linguophilosophy.

The paper reflects the views and opinions of modern Chinese philosophers of spiritual culture. Scientists in China analyze spiritual culture as a part of the society's culture. They include material, institutional and spiritual cultures in the structure of the culture. Material culture and institutional culture are the outward manifestation of spiritual culture. It exists inside them. Material culture creates the conditions for the life of the society. Institutional culture provides fellowship of individuals and the society. Chinese scientists believe that spiritual culture is the mechanism controlling the entire operation of the society. It forms the national identity and supports the national unity. It creates the conditions for the free development of society and the individual. Chinese scientists explain spiritual culture as visible and invisible bases. The visible basis of spiritual culture is realized through material culture. The invisible basis of spiritual culture creates the conditions for a person who wants to be free. The author shows the position of Chinese philosophers whose works were not translated into Russian.

The paper focuses on calculation of the basic parameters of initiation of the explosive decomposition of pentaerythrityl tetranitrate (PETN) containing nano-particles of gold: the dependences of the ratios of absorption effectiveness on the size of nano-particles in the matrix of PETN, critical (minimum) energy density of initiation of explosive decomposition of PETN – gold system, for the first (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonics of neodymium laser. Upon transfer from the first to the second harmonic of neodymium laser the authors observed the shift of the maximum of effectiveness of absorption to the side of small radii of metal inclusions from 99 nm for the first harmonic to 22 nm – for the second. The value of the maximum ratio of absorption effectiveness in this case grows from 0.100 to 4.878. The calculated values of critical density of energy for initiation of PETN containing nano-particles of gold is: 552 mJ/cm2 for the first harmonic; 15 mJ/cm2 for the second, with radii of metal inclusions of 94 and 26 nm respectively. The authors conclude that the PETN – gold composite is a promising material for use as percussion cap of the optical detonator, which can be created on the base of the second harmonic of neodymium laser.

The paper reveals the dependence of the probability of explosion of PETN with inclusions of nickel and aluminum in two sizes in samples on the density of energy of the initiating laser impulse (1064 nm, 14 ns). The possibility of regulating the PETN sensitivity to laser action with additives of nickel nanoparticles is shown.

The paper presents an assessment of the influence of production factors on agricultural activities in the industrial region. Impact analysis was conducted with the example of Kemerovo region. The authors concluded that when there are enough factors of production: labour, land, financial resources, entrepreneurial activity, they are either not used or engaged in other sectors of the industrial region’s economy.

The paper considers the courses of increasing investment attractiveness of industrial regions which would allow to ensure sustainable socio-economic development. On the basis of the author's analysis, it is concluded that the consolidation of intellectual resources, improvement of organizational cooperation between state authorities and business will allow competing for attracting investment to the region.

Different approaches to defining the term of “economic safety” are analyzed in the paper. Structural units of this term are determined. The author suggests her own point of view on this term.

The paper is based on the results of researching the example of OOO “Itatsky refinery”. The paper discusses thepracticalities of accounting of finished goods in OOO“Itatsky refinery”. The author’s conclusions address improvingthe accounting of manufacturing process, shipment and selling goods in OOO “Itatsky refinery” underthe conditions of transition to the International Financial Reporting Standards.

The functioning of an organization under market conditions characterized by a high degree of uncertainty requires developing a financial strategy, its analysis and assessment of its efficiency. Financial analysis is the basis for the development of such a strategy. At present there are a number of methods and approaches to financial strategy assessment. Every method serves definite goals and purposes and is therefore based on the use of different criteria. For efficient strategy development it is useful to apply a complex analysis approach supposed to employ various indices which reflect different aspects of business and financial organization performance and allow its objective assessment.

The paper summarises theoretical and practical approaches to labour motivation as an aspect of life quality and its contextual review. Labour motivation impact on life quality is studied.

The paper investigates the problems of the financial security of local government activity. With the example of municipal rural settlements of Kemerovo Region’s Belovo District, the author demonstrates the possibility of solving thess problems by amalgamating. Conclusion is drawn that under existing legislation it is one of the ways of improving the financial security of local governments.

The paper considers some issues of qualification of crimes under articles 285 and 286 of the criminal code, differentiates the offences between the two articles and distinguishes them from related crimes subject to the rules of qualification within criminal legal norms competition. The study was conducted on the basis of the results of criminal cases investigation by the Investigation Department of Kemerovo Region Division of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation in 2007 – 2012.

The paper focuses on criminal law protection of honour and dignity from the illicit dissemination of information about the private life of an individual. Privacy is guaranteed by the fundamental law, the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The dissemination of information about an individual’s private life without their knowledge or consent may harm their honour, dignity and business reputation. The current criminal law does not contain a norm that specifies a criminal attack on an individual’s honour, dignity and reputation by spreading information about their private life in the media. This study aims to identify the most common ways of intruding privacy and thus disparaging the person’s honour, dignity and reputation. The methods applied include analysis, synthesis and the method of comparative law. The study can be used in law enforcement, research and teaching. The author concludes that legislators should criminalize particular cases of infringement on honour, dignity and reputation of an individual through the dissemination of information about their private life.

The paper investigates the historical aspect of exemption from punishment in the Soviet period. The aim of the research is to study the history of the origin and enhancement of such grounds for exemption from criminal punishment as parole, lapse of time, and others.

The paper addresses the problem of Russian young people’s self-realizaton, its features and new forms of young people’s social and cultural identification in the context of present globalization process. It is established that it is the younger generation’s pursuit of personal fulfillment that brings about setting and achievement of long-term goals and tasks appropriate to the requirements and conditions of social transformation in the modern Russian society. The author proves that the following factors slow down development of contemporary education: 1) lack of criticism to the westernization of lifestyle in Russia, 2) deintellectualization process, 3) management ignorance, 4) fear to accept more intelligent employees to work, 5) relatively remote effects of reforms in the education system, 6) unstructured character of the reforms in the education system and so on. It is stressed that these factors confront the real process of man’s becoming a humane being connected with the personality’s humanitarian culture development. Today’s Russian young people are looking for spiritual non-material benefits which presuppose that the spiritual is the structural moral “core” of the individual. However, often the spiritual is beyond the physical of existence. Russian young people are denying “eternal”, true imperishable values. Progress in science and technology has resulted in numerous material benefits which are extensively used not only by young people but oligarchs, bureaucrats and the upper social class. It is stressed that today’s young man is in search of higher ideals and “eternal” values in order to survive in consumer society which features a gap between a “golden multi-millionaire” and the rest of people. This gap produces new forms of disposal and makes old ones deeper. The author notes that traditional values make up the healthy younger generation, on the one hand. On the other hand, the transition stage and the pattern of a future society the younger generation have to build
specify the requirements necessary to make the younger generation healthy. The following traditional values of the Russian society are taken into account in the process of social and cultural make up of the younger generation: team spirit, spirit of altruism, striving for high ideals and nonmaterial benefits.

The article deals with the national interests of Russia and Finland in the Arctic region and the possible prospects of cooperation between states in the Arctic. On the basis of the system analysis are described and analyzed Arctic doctrine of Russia and Finland, as well as strategies for the realization of their interests in the political, economic, scientific and other spheres.
In conclusion, the author concludes that the Arctic strategy of Finland differs deep study, a clear focus on national interests and sophisticated linking them to Finland's participation in the EU. Finland expects to strengthen its presence in the Arctic based on its recognition of the EU expert on Arctic issues, cooperation with Russia, on the northern shipping, etc.
For the Russian Federation is fundamentally socio-economic development of the border regions of the Arctic. Border regions of the Federation converted to direct "tools" of the interaction of the state with foreign partners, including Finland. In this regard, the full cooperation of Russia and Finland at the present stage, it is important not only for the countries themselves, but also for the planning of long-term strategies for the development of the Arctic territories.

The paper examines the stages and problems of implementing political marketing technologies in the regions of Russia. The paper identifies three stages of implementing political marketing technologies in this country. The author concludes that an integrated approach to the implementation and use of political marketing technologies is necessary in some areas of Russia.

The paper determines the optimal approach to studying the phenomenon of political manipulation. It shows that in the case where manipulation is understood as motive of political behavior, the following methodologies of studyingpolitical behavior can be used: behavioral, psychological, sociological methods, rational choice theory and the cognitive approach. It's been proved that the optimal approach to the study is a cognitive approach, because reasons of political activity in it are factors of information environment and psychological characteristics of a person. Using cognitive approach to study political manipulation one can unite in a single plane all manipulative techniques and technologies available in the science and classify them.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the theoretical and conceptual approach to the study of socio-political problems in the works of the German sociologist and political scientist N. Luhmann. In this study, the author considers the the peculiarity of the functional structuralism as a methodological reception of studying power-political problems and differenciates N. Luhmann’s structural functionalism from T. Parsons’s functional structuralism. However, the author demonstrates the specifics of the application of such methodology in the study of such phenomena as the political subsystem, the concept and mechanisms of power. The author comes to the conclusion that N. Luhmann’s theoretical and methodological bases can be used as a tool for evaluation of political processes in the modern society.

The main purpose of the article – examination of the environmental policy of the European states. In this paper we define the following terms of reference: to analyze the major environmental problems of European countries; identify the main approaches mechanisms of implementation of environmental policies in European countries.