The article analyses the means of linguistic explication of the frame love affair in the Russian language. The data came from Russian etymological, explanatory, and derivational dictionaries. The concept was described through the paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and derivational peculiarities of the words that represent the concept. The concept was reconstructed as a frame with the following slots: aim, action, agent, counter-agent, patient, evaluation, and result. The aim of the research was to show how the words that name the act of love affair represent this cognitive frame model. The act of love affair proved to reject previous beliefs and feelings while replacing the former with the other. The agent violates fidelity in love, which is evaluated as violating the moral law. The frame is verbalized as the following slots: 1) the agent (traitor, cheater, adulterer/adulteress) is an insidious person who is in a legal relationship with the patient; 2) the act (to cheat on somebody, to commit adultery) is committed in secret and includes marital unfaithfulness and a change of partner; 3) the evaluation of the act and the agent (treacherous, unfaithful, adulterous) is negative. Several slots had no verbal expression but could be explicated from idioms and examples: 1) the patient is the spouse of the agent; 2) the counter-agent is the person the agent enters into an illegal relationship; 3) the result depends on the particular situation.

The article features the macro-concept of kin and its symbolic signs. The idea of kin is embedded in many concepts of Russian culture, directly or indirectly indicating the mental schemes they have in common. However, the macro-concept of kin has received no comprehensive analysis of its associative-figurative layer. The author described the signs behind the motivation of the macro-concept kin using the proverbs from V. I. Dahl’s dictionary that contain the national-cultural layer of its figurative transformation. The methodology involved an analysis of dictionary definitions, as well as descriptive and interpretive methods. The proverbs described the idea of kin by highlighting such signs as origin, heredity, and kinship as belonging to a community of people with some permanent and distinctive features. The analysis revealed a group of proverbs about kin and tribe with three motivating features: heredity, human nature, and social characteristics. The macro-concept of kin was described through a figurative comparison of images: a person (father, mother, children), religious symbols (god), animals, symbols of nature, fairy-tale characters (fool), parts of body (palm, fist). In the national collective consciousness, the macro-concept obtained various motivating signs that actualize the following schemes: native place, native environment, kinship, family, tribe, people, generation; intra-family or intra-tribal relationships; rules, customs, traditions of the kin; attitude to the motherland; attitude to faith, God, the power of kin; military community. 

The article describes the macro-concepts Rod (a Slavic female deity) and Makosh (a Slavic female deity) in the Russian linguistic culture. It is the first attempt to analyze these macro-concepts in terms of conceptual signs. The authors studied the lexemes of Rod and Makosh / Mokosh as the main representatives of the macro-concepts in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, as well as compared their cognitive signs. The methods included descriptive, interpretive, and conceptual linguistic analyses. The macro-concept of Makosh revealed 33 cognitive signs, which were divided into 11 groups: 1. (Divine) motherhood (four signs): goddess, Mother of God / Virgin Mary, poppy head, crown. 2. Natural objects and phenomena (four signs): rain, star, earth, horns / cornucopia. 3. Fertility (two signs): abundance, harvest. 4. Spirits of nature (one sign): mermaids / pitchforks. 5. Kinship (six signs): wife, mother, grandparent, relationship, family, elder sister. 6. Functions (four signs): thunderbearer, spinner, creator, mistress. 7. Relationships (one sign): care. 8. Evaluation (one sign): good. 9. Person (two signs): girl, woman. 10. Fate (four signs): share, lot, fate, luck. 11. Cult (four signs): idol, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa (Saint Paraskevi of Iconium), Rozhanitsa (a Slavic female deity), treba (prayer) / sacrifice. The structure of the macro-concept Rod had 35 cognitive features, which were divided into 13 groups: 1. (Divine) fatherhood (two features): god, God-father. 2. Natural objects and phenomena (three features): star, lightning, sky. 3. Fertility (one sign): harvest. 4. Kinship (four signs): father, grandparent, kinship, family. 5. Functions (five signs): agriculture, ruler, justice, creation, creator. 6. Relationships (two signs): care, protection. 7. Evaluation (three signs): good, deceit, adultery. 8. Fate (two signs): share, fate. 9. Cult (five signs): idol, feast, Stribog (a Slavic male deity), treba (prayer) / sacrifice, Yarilo (a Slavic male deity). 10. Success (four signs): crown, profit, prosperity, success. 11. Place of birth (one feature): Motherland. 12. Property (one sign): strength. 13. People (two signs): civilization, humanity. These signs reflected the peculiarities of the Russian linguistic mentality, which preserved the memory of the cult of Rod (literally, kin) and Makosh (Mother Goddess). This cult was consistently reproduced in veneration of the Mother Earth and family deities Rod and Makosh, the divine parents of people. Christian aspects manifested themselves as the image of Virgin Mary and God the Father. The macro-concepts of Rod and Makosh appeared to have a number of overlapping cognitive features: good, deity (god, goddess), destiny, care, star, idol, progenitor, kinship, family, fate, creator, prayer / sacrifice, harvest. 

The modern linguistics interprets the old philosophical problem of the relationship between reality, thinking, and language in a completely new way: the world should be considered as a whole and comprehended through linguistic, mythological, religious, and artistic worldviews at once. The abstract concepts of the mental world represent a certain linguistic culture. This article describes a set of cultural codes that represent the mental concept of thought as similes in the contemporary Kazakh fiction. This linguaculturological analysis covered metaphors and similes found by continuous sampling in the Kazakh fiction of the XX century. The similes were tested for regular metaphorization models. The mental concept of thought in similes was presented through natural, biomorphic, and artefact cultural codes. The natural cultural code was represented by such conceptual metaphors as thought is wind / sunlight / fire / water. The zoomorphic metaphors of thought is horse / bird / insect were numerous in the biomorphic cultural code. The metaphor of thought is metal verbalized the artefact cultural code. In the linguistic consciousness of the Kazakhs, the concept of thought was verbalized as a divine gift or a living entity that has enough energy to take different material forms and move around all three worlds.

The article introduces a comparative analysis of some interlingual variant formations in the linguistic structures of the Croatian and the Serbian literary languages. The general integration processes that occurred in the Slavic linguistic world in the XIX and the early second half of the XX centuries did not unite individual Slavic languages or their variants. By the end of the XX century, linguistic convergence was replaced by linguistic divergence. After the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the new states that arose in the post-Yugoslavian space fixed the status of Croatian and Serbian as official languages. At present, Croatian and Serbian have their own codified norms; they develop and function autonomously and independently in different ethnic cultures and states. The widening gap between the post-Yugoslavian states of Serbia and Croatia contributed to the interlingual divergence between these languages. Their linguistic structure has multiple differences at phonetic, phonological, grammatical, lexical, syntactic, and stylistic levels. This research showed that the most prominent differences occur at the lexical level. As for linguistic standardization and codification, the Croatian language reveals a prescriptive-descriptive approach to language regulation, while Serbian is characterized by a descriptive-prescriptive approach. The authors illustrate this conclusion by various intervariant or equivalent language units from parallel reference books and online discourse.

The article introduces translative linguistics as a special branch in the study of natural languages and describes the history of its development. Translative linguistics uses the methods of quantitative linguistics, combinatorial linguistics, associative grammar, lexicography, etc. It focuses on the same aspects of language as historical grammar, phonetics, political linguistics, etc. The ontology of translational linguistics sees the natural language and its units as its research object. Translation (reserve translation, machine translation, and reverse machine translation) acts as a research method that translational linguistics uses to describe the patterns of the translated language. The author reviews various scientific publications to describe the concepts and terms of translational linguistics. The author uses the method of linguistic logic, which is understood as incorporating a new concept in the traditional system of theoretical linguistic concepts.

This psycholinguistic experiment included emotional rendering of Russian Internet texts by Tuvan-Russian bilinguals. It was based on the Bilingual Language Profile questionnaire and an authentic interface for non-discrete emotional text rendering. The research involved 65 Tuvan-Russian bilinguals and five texts previously classified by Russian monolinguals as "angry texts". All the participants fulfilled a bilingualism questionnaire prior to the test and were divided into three groups: 1) bilinguals with the dominant Tuvan language, 2) bilinguals with the dominant Russian language, and 3) balanced TuvanRussian bilinguals. The research examined the effect of subjective and objective factors of bilingualism on the comprehension of anger in these three groups of informants. The methodology included the method of psycholinguistic experiment and various methods of statistical analysis, e.g., Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, etc. The research refuted the hypothesis about the effect of objective (age, context, communicative activity) or subjective (competence, language ratio) factors in TuvanRussian bilinguals on the emotional comprehension of Russian texts. The emotional text comprehension appeared to depend on the dominant language.

Safety is an integral component of everyone’s life. However, this concept remains elusive to comprehensive linguistic research. The present article focuses on the concept of safety as one of the most important ideas for modern humanity. The authors believe that this research helps to cast light upon some social processes that are reflected in language. During an uncontrolled associative experiment, Russian and German respondents gave verbal reactions to words besopasnost (safety) and Sicherheit. The content and subject of reactions were not limited. The purpose of the research was to identify the associative meanings of these concepts in each of the languages. The article presents the most frequent and typical verbal reactions, as well as their comparative analysis and semantic classification. Both German and Russian respondents shared such meanings as protection / means of protection, home / housing , internal qualities / feelings of security. Only Russians respondents gave such reactions as calmness / peace, comfort; only German respondents mentioned power / public institutions and money / finance.

The cognitive resource phenomenon, its factors, and performance are a relevant topic of Russian psychology. Numerous publications feature the psychological content of the cognitive resource concept and various phenomena as forms of its manifestation. However, domestic psychology sees no cognitive resource potential in sensorimotor activity, nor does it see sensorimotor activity as a factor that facilitates human cognitive resources. The article considers sensorimotor activity as a cognitive resource and describes a transspective analysis of various approaches to the phenomenon of cognitive resource. The authors defined the latter as a complex multi-level construct. Various cognitive resource models proved that sensorimotor activity is a manifestation of the cognitive resource and its integral part. However, the transspective analysis requires further research on sensorimotor activity in the cognitive resource structure.

This article reviews foreign and domestic publications on the psychology of coping. Until the early XXI century, coping studies followed three research lines: 1) situations perceived as "difficult", 2) coping strategies and/or styles, 3) their relationships with personal and environmental coping resources. The current global situation of uncertainty and risks has affected the strategy of coping studies. They now demonstrate a more complex and holistic vision of the interaction between the person and the situation that requires coping. The interaction pattern follows three main research trends: 1) Personal coping resources are understood not as specific personal dispositions or cognitive characteristics, but as complex features that require new research methods; 2) New empirical material proves the ambiguity of correlation between various human coping strategies and psychological well-being; 3) Procedural features of coping and its anticipatory capabilities acquire more scientific attention.

Emotional readiness plays an important role in the general structure of psychological readiness for professional activity. This article provides a theoretical substantiation of the place that emotional readiness occupies in the structure of psychological readiness. Professional emotional readiness includes emotional awareness, coping with one’s own emotions and with those of others, empathy, and self-motivation. The research revealed various emotional manifestations of psychological readiness in university students that majored in journalism at different years of study. The study included an experiment that proved the beneficial impact of student journalism as part of academic and extracurricular media projects, especially those connected with filming. The undergraduates that participated in such activities proved able to cope with emotions and demonstrated a better emotional awareness and empathy. However, they proved unable to cope with other people’s emotions and had a low self-motivation. These problems might be associated with insufficient life and professional experience. Therefore, the emotional development of future journalists requires a comprehensive program of psychological and pedagogical support at different stages of university education. Such an approach may help students to interpret and control their own emotional state, as well as to build effective communicative strategies for interpersonal communication.

The article defines the concepts of time perspective and vision of the future, as well as the relationship between them. A review of foreign and domestic publications revealed the main approaches to adversity, copying, and various classifications of protective behavior. The study involved 49 women and 35 men aged 24–54 y.o., who found themselves in a difficult life situation: all respondents had to leave their permanent place of residence because of a direct threat to their life and health. The empirical research used R. Lazarus’s methodology for diagnosing the copying strategies and F. Zymbardo’s time perspective method. The copying strategies appeared to correspond to different time perspectives. The respondents with a negative past fixation chose confrontation, social support, escape, and avoidance. The respondents with a positive past fixation preferred to plan their problem solutions. The respondents who focused on the present turned to social support and positive reassessment. Those focused on the future accepted their responsibility, planned their solutions, and were prone to positive reassessment. The results were statistically confirmed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Time perspective proved to be an important intrapersonal resource in psychotherapeutic work with disadvantaged patients.

According to the prevailing clinical model of Internet addiction disorder, the symptoms of Internet addiction are not substantially different from the ones of other previously known behavioral and chemical addictions. In the present article we argue that this model significantly depsycholizes the phenomenon which stems from the mass use of information technologies providing access to cyberspace. We compare psychological characteristics of the Internet addiction to disembodiment, that is, lack of the physical body of an information technology user, first described by the media theorist M. McLuhan. Alongside anonymity, technological disembodiment is the inevitable consequence of the use of the Internet, and it is just as important in the formation of the addiction and accompanying disorders. But the phenomenon of virtual unsubstantial self which represents the manifestation of the Spirit Archetype in the realities of the digital society obviously exceeds anonymity in terms of importance and scope. Our theoretical model of the disembodiment on the Internet is based on the conceptions of ‘schizoid disembodiment’ and ‘unembodied self ’ by the British existential psychologist R. D. Laing. In particular, there is evidence to suggest likeness between the withdrawal from reality of a schizoid by way of ‘exit’ from their own physical body and the form of escapism specific to the Internet addiction in contrast to other addictions. Respective empirical constructs were measured and compared. We used the adapted version of the Chinese Scale by S.-H. Chen, which implements the clinical model of Internet addiction most consistently, and Disembodiment on the Internet Diagnostic Technique by N. V. Kopteva, A. Yu. Kalugin and L. Ya. Dorfman. The results indicate that with Internet addiction traditional symptoms of addictions correlate to the weakness of the divided self. This causes a range of problems aggravated by the ones caused by disembodiment, namely virtualization, de-realization of the self of a user and experience of illusiveness of existence. The data shows that dependence and disembodiment on the Internet may refer to a specific technological modus of a person’s existence within the information society.

This theoretical and empirical study verifies the hypothesis that the desire to control one’s own future is a significant behavioral factor. A controlled future is a phenomenon at the intersection of internality and emotional response. The relationship between the level of internality and emotional response was analyzed at two levels. The first level featured stable personality traits. They were identified using standard personality questionnaires, namely the Standard Personality Traits Questionnaire modified by E. G. Ksenofontov and C. Izard’s Differential Emotions Scale adapted by A. V. Leonov and M. S. Kapitsa. The second level featured situational personal traits manifested in particular situations as a general state of emotional comfort or discomfort. The authors developed a questionnaire that included six types of situations, each of which had three response options. The first option presupposed a passive (external) position, i.e., waiting for help from others. The second option described an active (internal) position. The third option was intermediate (50/50). Each behavioral option required an assessment of emotional comfort. At the level of subjective-personal traits, the general level of personal internality determined the readiness for action and overcoming difficulties, often associated with negative emotional experiences. A lower readiness for action and transformation triggered stronger negative emotions. The level of situational behavior demonstrated a similar trend: a lower control over the situation was associated with a greater emotional discomfort. However, the relationship between control and emotional comfort was not linear. The level of emotional discomfort increased following the rise in the control level.

This research featured theoretical and practical approaches to resistance. Resistance to adversities is an important personality trait because it determines the strategy of behavior in various situations. Personal resilience requires a multidimensional assessment of personality traits, age profile, and solution strategies. The research objective was to identify and compare the trends in resistance in three age groups: teenagers, high school students, and university students. The authors developed a diagnostic complex to determine its component structure. The article describes behavioral patterns, socio-psychological adaptation, personal value orientations, life-meaning attitudes, and manifestations of subjectivity. The authors plan to design a program for the development of resistance in academic environment.