The research featured a cross-cultural comparison of personal and ethnic identity in university students in the conditions of multicultural educational environment. The study involved 141 students: 48 Russians, 45 students from various European countries, and 48 Chinese students. The psychodiagnostic research methods included the questionnaire "Who Am I?" by M. Kuhn and T. McPartland as modified by T. V. Rumyantseva and the questionnaire "Types of ethnic identity" by G. U. Soldatova, S. V. Ryzhova. The research revealed common and specific features of personal and ethnic identity of each group. The importance of reflection and identification of one’s own educational and professional role position were present in the structure of personal identity of every group. As for the structure of ethnic identity, all groups demonstrated an increased level of positive ethnic identity and an average level of ethnic indifference. In the content of personal identity of Russian students, the Social Self (profession, family), the Perspective Self, and the Reflective Self were more pronounced in contrast with other groups. The European students showed a greater manifestation of ethnic nihilism. The Chinese students demonstrated a greater hyperidentity. In each test group, the authors established two types that differed in the specifics of the relationship between personal and ethnic identity. The results can improve the psychological support of students in the process of their self-identification in the conditions of multicultural educational environment.

The study made an attempt to approach the problem of identity threats from the perspective of modern security psychology, which studies psychological attitude to personal security as a systemic phenomenon. Threats to one’s personal security in the subject's view were analyzed in terms of threats to one’s identity. The representative sample (n=50, age=22) underwent a correlation analysis to identify the relationships between the assessments of individual threats to personal security and elements of identity, i.e. subjective evaluations of positive and negative personal qualities. Negative elements of identity appeared to be the most vulnerable, e.g. "depressed". The same was true for positive elements that are more dependent on external conditions and assessments, e.g. "happy", "generous", etc. As for self-reliant and assessments, e.g. "hardworking", "disciplined", they proved more secured. The subject’s perceptions of oneself and one’s security threats were in complex mutual determinations. Threats to personal security became threats to identity if implementation of these threats led to a deterioration in the subject's self-image.

The present research features project thinking in relation to the realities of the modern dynamic and non-predetermined world. The author specifies the need for a fundamentally new understanding of the essence of the processes that make up the substantial foundation of project thinking as the competence of a modern manager in the logic of project management. The paper describes various aspects of the application of project thinking in various, primarily humanitarian, areas of scientific knowledge. It introduces an attempt to specify the definition of project thinking with due account of the modern requirements for a company manager. The author describes the problems of studying project thinking in modern psychological science and points to the methodological inconsistency of the linear, eclectic conception of project thinking that does not take into account the system-synergetic features of this phenomenon. For instance, the inability of the old linear-eclectic model of project thinking to explain that a subject of project activity cannot create and effectively implement a project in an application area even if the subject of project activity has a high efficiency of separated components of project thinking. The paper gives an outline of the methodological abilities of the system approach and synergetic approach in relation to the study of project thinking, as well as delimited synergic and synergistic comprehension of complicated processes, including psychological processes in relation to project thinking. Finally, the author identifies the problems associated with the consideration of project thinking through the prism of the system and synergistic approaches and proposes some instrumental ways to overcome these difficulties.

This paper presents an empirical study of representations of Russian and Mongolian youth about a happy family. The research featured 120 young Russian and Mongolian people (age: 18–30). The results were obtained using Charles Osgood’s semantic differential method, Sacks and Levy’s sentence completion test, and various questionnaires. Factorial, cluster, and qualitative analyses were used to process the results. The study revealed some ethnic and gender differences regarding the concept of "happy family". Russian and Mongolian youth appear to follow different ideal models. For Mongolian youth, a happy family was a "large family" and "parental family". For Russian women, a happy family was one with few children, while for Russian men demonstrated opposite views. Therefore, in contrast to Mongolia, the family institution in Russia is developing modern ideas about a happy family life. Mongolian youth use their parents’ family as a model to follow, while Russian young people follow the role models promoted by the media. However, the romantic ideas about marriage were quite similar in both groups.

The paper presents an analysis of opportunities of a team approach in support of primary school pupils with learning difficulties and maladjustment. It describes the possibilities of neuropsychological approach in conjunction with the team method of work. The authors introduced stages of the diagnostic and remedial process, taking into account the specific features of public primary school. The research objective was to analyze opportunities of team method in a primary school, based on the neuropsychological approach. The diagnostic and remedial process has four stages. For the diagnosis, the authors used age-adapted individual and group neuropsychological assessment of children using Luria's battery, with quantitative evaluation of data, as well as a modified method of "proof-reading test" and Gestalt test by Bender. The authors proposed a multi-stage diagnostic method, adapted to conditions of the public primary school. The results of diagnosis revealed the structure of cognitive disturbances in children. The paper focuses on the application possibilities of the team method, based on the neuropsychological approach in primary school, as well as on the opportunities for schools to support children "at risk".

In medicine, extreme conditions and occupational stress are caused by a high level of responsibility, constant tension, heavy workload, complex relationships with patients and colleagues, etc. Therefore, it is important to preserve the physical and mental health of medical workers in order to increase their adaptability and resistance to extreme factors and everyday stress. To improve the quality of health care, it is important not only to establish stress factors, but also to increase adaptability and stress resistance. The research objective was to outline possibilities for increasing adaptability in medical students based on the analysis of factors of professional stress in medical practitioners. Stress factors include time restrictions, gap between salary and labor effort, physical exhaustion, emotionally unbalanced patients, night shifts, high work rates, high level of responsibility for the life and health of other people, inability to think about anything else but work, and high demands that patients place on medical workers. The study revealed dependence between adaptability and stress tolerance in medical doctors. Age and work experience did not correlate with the level of organizational stress and adaptability. The profile of medical activity and position was found to affect these indicators to a greater extent than age. Specific stressors appeared at any age and career stage, but some practitioners were more vulnerable. 90 % of medical students already demonstrated a high level of organizational stress. Thus, although most of the stressors are unavoidable, it is still possible to outline some ways to increase the stress resistance and adaptability in medical students by developing their professional competencies.

The research featured the phenomenon of the so-called reading phobia, which is characterized by an irrational obsessive fear of reading that interferes with the normal psycho-emotional development of the child, thus affecting their entire life. The paper introduces a new method of pedagogical correction of reading phobia in children of primary school age. The experiment involved six first-graders (four boys and two girls). They received correctional 40-minute classes twice a week for 3–6 months, depending on the complexity of each particular case of reading phobia. The authors developed six consecutive teaching methods: teamwork of the teacher, the psychologist, and the parents in a friendly atmosphere; face-toface work with the child; use of specially selected texts and methods of involving the child in the reading process; individual approach to the duration of classes, etc. The paper focuses on the neurophysiological characteristics and etiology of reading phobia. Reading phobia is described as a fear of reading instilled by adults, which often affects primary schoolers. The article also contains a list of negative effects of mental development and socialization that children with reading phobia are bound to face if they receive no special therapy. The developed method can be used by primary school teachers and psychologists.

The article features the attitude of Russian youth to corruption. The research owes its relevance to the ubiquitous nature of this phenomenon, which remains understudied from the point of view of sociology and psychology. The article deals with the identification of the prevailing type of personality behavior in various life situations. All the experimental situations were potentially associated with corruption. Three series of studies were conducted in 2018–2019. This research was based on projective methodology. The authors identified the dominant types of behavior of young people in life situations with a corruption connotation. The data obtained indicate that approximately half of the young people were sure that they would remain honest under the suggested circumstances, while less than a half of them admitted that they would possibly get involved in corruption if needed. Only an insignificant percentage of the participants could be classified as susceptible to corruption.

The present paper focuses on the connection between aggressive behavior and unstable mental states in car drivers. The hypothesis was that aggressive behavior of drivers is caused by an unstable mental state. The experiment featured 27 car drivers involved in road traffic accidents and 33 drivers without an accident history over the past two years. Their age was 18–57 years, driving experience – 2–38 years, average annual mileage – 20,000–50,000 kilometers. The following blank and instrumental methods were used as diagnostic tools: Hand-test, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Dula Dangerous Driving Index, Driving Anger Expression Inventory, and a hardware-software complex for testing drivers UPDK-MK Avtomobilny-M. According to the results, the drivers with a bad driving history demonstrated serious unstable mental states, as well as statistically significant connection between aggressive behavior and negative unstable mental states.

The paper features the changes that take place in the process of adaptation of first-year students to the educational environment of the medical university during the first year of study. The methods research included diagnostic tools and methods of data processing, e.g. T.D. Dubowitzka and A. V. Krylova's technique "Adaptation of students at the university", questionnaire "Student Anxiety" in J. Taylor’s modification, φ-Fisher conversion multifunctional criterion and t-Student parametric criterion for dependent samples. A statistical analysis made it possible to make certain conclusions about the ambiguous nature of the dynamics of adaptation of freshmen to the educational environment of the medical university. The identified reliable differences in the indicators of adaptation to learning activity make significant additions to the scientific perception on the leading role of the given adaptation type, which has an open, pronounced, but fleeting positive character. The absence of significant differences in anxiety rates at the beginning and end of the school year indicates a fairly stable emotional background, with a predominance of average and elevated levels. On the other hand, certain aspects in the educational environment of the university cause persistent negative experience. The emotional state of the respondents by the end of the first year revealed a new aspect of anxiety, i. e. interpersonal relationships within the grouр. The authors believe this is due to the change of orientation in the adaptation process. The change reflects the formation of a community of freshmen with actively flowing processes of status differentiation and the transformation of a diffuse group into a prosocial association. This transformation suggests a different kind of adaptation dynamics to student grouр. This longer and more latent kind of adaptation is determined by intragroup processes.

The research featured the approaches to the study of social attitudes to public prosecution. The results were used as the theoretical basis for the development and testing of the complex of diagnostic measures "Representation of Public Prosecution". The complex consisted of projective techniques aimed at identifying social attitudes to public prosecution. The proposed complex is an integral part of the Comprehensive Program for the Training of Newly Hired Prosecutors of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation. The program was developed on the basis of the St. Petersburg Prosecutor's Office by V. A. Gubin and D. V. Shabarov in 2019. It identifies interests and predisposition to various types of prosecutorial activities. The program makes it possible to create an individual vocational and educational route in the framework of training newly hired prosecutors. It also determines the professional orientation and social settings of the new employees, their system of ideas about the environment of prosecutorial activities, their self-esteem and ability to perform this activity, the degree of professional value orientations, and interest in professional activity. The methods may be useful for district prosecutors that mentor young specialists in various institutions and form an individual training plan. In addition, the presented methods can be of some help to those employees of bodies and institutions of the prosecutor's office who decided to change the type of supervisory activity. The article describes an analysis of one of the methods of the Complex, namely the Projective methodology "20 definitions of the concept of "prosecutor's office". It was developed and successfully tested in practice by V. A. Gubin and D. V. Shabarov in 2019. The methodology identifies the cognitive component of social representations of prosecutorial activity.

This paper focuses on the language attitudes of the displaced people who fled to the Kurdistan region of Iraq due to having the daily threats on their life by the terrorist groups since 2003. These people are mostly from Arabic nation and came from the different parts of the country, the language of analysis and the chosen social group contributing to the novelty of the research. The research aims at exploring the level of attitudes and the factors which affected the motivation of these people either towards their ethnic languages or Kurdish (the language of the majority in the region). It is shown that the majority of the displaced people in the region still have a positive attitude towards their ethnic language, are proud of it while having quite normal attitudes towards Kurdish, and believe that it is necessary for communication with other constituents, for getting jobs and conducting business and in order to spread social and cultural values of the Kurdish society. Here can be seen that the migrated people, who had about a hundred year history of ethnic problems with the Kurds of Iraq, nowadays have a normal attitudes towards Kurdish language.

The article describes the notional features of the concept of star in the English worldview and focuses on those specifics of the representation of the concept that reveal the national consciousness of native English speakers. To describe the structure of the concept, the author analyzed dictionary articles, idioms, and synonyms. The analysis revealed 17 notional signs: a natural luminous body visible in the sky at night; a fixed point of light in the sky; hot balls of burning gas that emits its own light; a planet; fortune / destiny; horoscope; a celebrity; the main person in a film / play; an outstandingly successful person or thing in a group; an object or shape; a figure; a sign of rank / position; a star-shaped ornament or medal worn as a badge of honor or authority; classification of hotels; a white patch on the forehead of a horse or other animal; starfish; a sign of asterisk. The cognitive attributes "stellar body", "fortune / destiny", and "a white patch on the forehead of a horse or other animal" proved to go back to motivating features, which indicates their long-term presence in the language. However, a study of co-occurrence indicated relatively recent cognitive features. Examples were taken from classical English literature and the British National Corpus. A comparative analysis of the actualization of the meanings of the representative word in sentences showed that its conceptual features coincide with the data of explanatory dictionaries.

The research features syntactic structure in the twentieth century "The Catcher in the Rye" by J. D. Salinger and the twenty first century "Fates and Furies" by L. Groff. The research objective was to study the nature of syntactic relations expressed by word order in speech of narrators and characters. The paper outlines the rules of word order in the English sentence and reviews related studies in the field of syntax. The author analyzed the syntactic structure of sentences in the speech of narrators and characters in the two novels. The analysis was based on the descriptive method and techniques of observation, interpretation, comparison, and generalization. There were numerous examples of omission of auxiliary verbs in interrogative sentences in characters' speech, as well as interrogative sentences with affirmative structure. In "The Catcher in the Rye", affirmative sentences obecame interrogative with the help of interjections eh and ah. Both novels contained sentences where adverbial modifiers, objects, or attributes preceded the main parts – in the narrators' speech. A lot of one-member and contextually incomplete sentences were used to describe events and personages in both novels. In "The Catcher in the Rye", the narrator's speech revealed few cases of violations of word order rules, mostly in sentences with direct word order. The characters' speech appeared to contain much more cases of word order violations, since the novel features colloquial speech of twentieth century American teenagers. The speech of adult personages was characterized by correct word order. In "Fates and Furies", the narrator's speech demonstrated a significant number of elliptical sentences where auxiliary verb to be was omitted in simple verbal predicate with the verb in Present Continuous, as well as in compound nominal predicate and in passive voice. A comparative study of syntactic structure contributed to a deeper understanding of the nature of syntactic relations reflected by word order in the English sentence, grammatical structure of the English language, and popular types of sentences. In addition, the study showed the way native speakers express their ideas and thoughts by linguistic means and violate linguistic norms. The results can be used in various grammar courses and compiling textbooks.

The research featured suggestive potential of religious discourse. The authors interpret suggestion as an effective tool that allows its users to plant an idea or attitude into the mind of the recipient, the latter being unaware of the object of suggestion. The paper focuses on the problem of interaction between rational and emotional-subjective sides of communication. Suggestion is defined as a way of linguistic manipulation based on the sensory-associative sides of consciousness. The authors study the means and methods of linguistic manipulation of personal attitudes using religious texts as specific examples. The suggestion makes the recipient adopt and include new information in the existing system of views, thus leading to a certain transformation of the worldview, which changes the motivational basis of behavior and may trigger hostile intentions and extremist actions. Suggestive techniques make it possible to avoid legal punishment by disguising facts that can be used to prove the presence of conflict-generating elements in the discourse. Such texts are used to create a certain emotional state, thus facilitating motivation, further contacts, and formation of opinion.

Modern philology studies language at the junction of different directions, e.g. hermeneutics and cultural studies, cognitive linguistics and literary criticism, linguaculturology and textology, etc. As a rule, combined methods provide the most interesting results. The article describes the images of the sky / heaven in the Russian poetry of the late XX century, the period of Russian history known as “the dashing nineties”. Contemporary poets seemed to have a very peculiar perception of that period. Their vision of traditional mythological and cultural symbols differed from commonly accepted interpretations. They described Russia as a dead woman or as a man at a crossroads, while the sky was a lost paradise that retained the peace and tranquility that are not to be found on the earth any more. The gap between heaven and earth is shown by the chaos of birdcalls, machinery noise, and nuclear clouds. Heaven and earth are connected by the World Tree, which unites the macroand microcosm. Man seeks balance and harmony but cannot find them. In the 1990’s, mankind was repeating the stage it had passed in the early XX century, when cherry orchards gave place to railways, and the old world order was coming to an end. In such periods, people do not look at the sky for solace; they mind their own step and see heaven reflected in the rails. The poetry of the 1990’s is filled with deep symbolism. The present analysis revealed several image clusters of the sky: mythological, religious, culturological, philosophical (eschatological), scientific and technological, and folklore. These clusters are interconnected and complement each other.

The paper considers the peculiarities of translation of such a stylistic feature in G. Flaubert’s novel "Madame Bovary" as a semicolon. The research featured extracts from six English translations and focused on the use of semicolons in complex sentences in position between clauses without conjunction and before et. The continuous sampling method and the comparative method were employed to detect and analyze the punctuation mark and its use. The research objective was to verify whether the author’s punctuation was translated and to what extent. The analysis of the corpus shows that, despite some individual preferences, translators respected isomorphism in punctuation in the great majority of cases, i.e. they used semicolon and equivalent conjunctions. Isomorphism’s percentage appeared higher than in Russian translations, which was possibly due to the fact that English punctuation system has more in common with the French than with the Russian one. The degree of fidelity can possibly be explained by the strategies used by a particular translator rather than by the contemporary punctuation tendencies. The results of this research can be used in preparation of multilingual corpora of parallel texts, as well as in textbooks on comparative grammar and syntax.

The present research features the genre of internet appeal as a dialogic conflict process. The paper focuses on the internet appeal as an element of conflict communication and a form of open dialogue between the state and society. The linguaconflictological approach was determined by communication strategies and intentional attitudes of the sender and recipient of the internet appeal. The authors proved that the internet appeal is a special sub-genre of the complaint and explained how conflict manifests itself in this genre. The analysis of strategies and tactics revealed conceptual ideas of internet users who applied for help to officials institutions. The empirical basis of research was obtained from the internet page of the Governor of Kemerovo region. The analysis showed the effect of various factors on speech strategies and tactics and revealed communicative intentions. The internet appeal is characterized by a set of specific strategies and tactics of conflict communication, determined by the gap between the intentional attitudes of the sender and the recipient.

The article discusses linguistic contacts of the Turkic languages. The research was based on the common Turkic vocabulary of the Yakut language, namely words denoting animal body parts. The paper focuses on the comparative-historical aspect of the ancient Turkic and modern Turkic languages. The authors described the lexical-semantic and phonostructural features of Yakut words denoting animal body parts that have a common Turkic origin. The methods included continuous sampling method from lexicographic sources, as well as descriptive and comparative methods. The semantic transitions of Turkic lexical reflexes from the Praturk system to the modern form revealed that words denoting animal body parts represent the most ancient layer of the Yakut vocabulary. It consists of vocabulary common for most Turkic languages and belongs to stable categories. As part of the phonological analysis, the authors determined phonostructural types and characteristics of the phonological system of lexical reflexes, the nature of the stability and variability of lexemes, and the main causes of the instability of the phonostructures of the word stems of other Turkic languages in the Yakut language. An analysis of the lexical-semantic features of the Yakut words for animal body parts in comparison with their lexical parallels in other Turkic languages revealed the nature of stability and variability of the lexical meanings of the stems for specific Turkic language.

The article features the cognitive signs of the warrior concept. The main representation of the concept is stylistically marked. The word warrior is often used in elevated style. In Russian culture, the army has always been a special estate that protects the people and the Russian lands. The concept warrior proved to have some structural peculiarities. It includes seven motivating signs in the structure of the concept: (battle) cry, army, conquest, hunting, desire / aspiration, target, dedication. Only four of them transformed with time and moved into the category of conceptual signs: army → warrior / defender / one who is fighting; desire / aspiration + goal + dedication → purposeful (person). The second group of the structure is formed by twenty conceptual signs: military, liberator, fighter, (military) employee, soldier, (experienced) in military affairs, warrior / defender / the one who fights, hero, protector, brave man, winner, squire, courageous / valiant (man), role model / example for imitation, responsible (man), purposeful (person), giving a debt to the country, ready for self-sacrifice / accomplishing a feat, participant in the war, patriot / devotee / loyal (Motherland / Fatherland / people). These cognitive characteristics show a wide range of functional manifestations of modern representations of military occupation. The special group includes figurative stereotypical and gender signs, since a warrior has always been a male hero in Russian linguistic culture. The stereotypes of Russian linguistic culture are connected with the military past of our people, with its heroic epos, tales, and legends. Symbolic signs make up a separate group. The structure of the studied concept includes sixteen symbolic signs, which are also connected with the history of the Russian people with its numerous wars and victories: gods and saints, (fraternal) graves of warriors, war veterans, eternal flame, (military) rituals, (military) units, banner, George the Victorious, coat of arms, hero cities, icons, awards (orders and medals, weapons), monuments (obelisks and columns), songs and marches, field, status Hero-city, temple.

The paper features linguistic and creative foundations in the German comic book "Dig, Dag, Digedag". Modern linguacultural, cognitive studies, and discursive practices are aimed at studying comics, which are a series of drawings with brief accompanying texts. However, comic books consist of two components – verbal and nonverbal, which means that graphic novels and strips have linguacreative foundations. The author performed philological and semiotic analyzes to identify the linguistic and creative foundations of the German comic book. The algorithm of the philological analysis included literary description of the time and place, the most original and interesting scenes in several editions, lexical expressive means and stylistic devices. The semiotic analysis featured the graphics related to the non-verbal component. The linguistic and creative foundations of the comic are manifested in original plots that allow its readers to escape from everyday and political problems through fun, exciting, and informative trips to Ancient Rome, Sicily, ancient Arab countries, the Moon and Mars, as well as to an uninhabited island. The carefully selected scientific and mundane knowledge is transmitted through verbal means and comic book graphics, making young readers expand their horizon. The use of such tools as hyperbole, metaphor, pun, as well as diverse vocabulary within the text of the comic, also suggests linguistic creativity of the German comic book "Dig, Dag, Digedag".

The research was based on the documents of funds 339 "Campaign Office of Lieutenant General A. P. Devits" and 379 "Kizlyar commandant". The documents were obtained from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. The paper focuses on the trade correspondence between Kumyk rulers with the Russian military authorities in the Caucasus in the 1740’s–1760’s. The documents of the Campaign Office of Lieutenant General A. P. Devits and the Kizlyar curfew archive illustrate that the trade and economic ties between the Kumyks and Russia grew quite intensive by the middle of the XVIII century. Most part of the material has never been studied before. Kumyk rulers were interested in trade with the city of Kizlyar, as well as other Russian cities. The subsistence economy of Kumykia could not fully provide for the growing domestic needs of the local population, e.g. industrial products. According to their letters to the Kizlyar commandants, the Kumyk rulers sought to create favorable conditions for the local merchants – savdagars – in order to protect them from highway robberies. The gradual integration of the Kumyk lands into the all-Russian market contributed to their economic growth and the development of the productive forces in the region. At the same time, the trade was mutually beneficial. The savdagars imported raw silk, madder, and cotton, which were important for the development of domestic Russian industry.

The article analyzes the political and legal nature of "The Draft Constitution of the Russian Empire" stored in A. I. Guchkov’s personal archive. A. I. Guchkov was the founder and leader of "The Union of October 17", a political party formed in the early twentieth century Russia. Russian historical and legal science considers these materials as a draft Constitution drawn by the representatives of the right wing of Russian liberalism. We conducted a comparative analysis of Guchkov’s Constitution and the versions of "The Union of October 17" political party programs. The Constitution proved almost identical with the texts of two versions of the party program. The draft could fill the intermediate place in a series of different versions of the party program. The party programs were successively adopted by the first and second party Congresses and the Moscow Central Committee. Therefore, it is necessary to refer the document not to the constitutional projects, but to the legal and political materials of "The Union of October 17". Thus, the right wing of the liberal forces had no independent constitutional project.

The present research featured a retrospective analysis of the historical identification of the image of a famous Russian writer Nadezhda D. Khvoshchinskaya, undertaken by a narodnik historian Vasiliy I. Semevsky. The study was based on archival and published sources, i.e. materials of personal origin (letters, memoirs), periodicals, as well as Semevsky’s biographical sketch and scientific works. The research involved the method of critical analysis of historical sources; the method of specificity, which determined the selection of sources; a semantic analysis of sources by comparing the analyzed data with information from other sources. Semevsky’s subjective descriptions made it possible to interpret his own views on such topical issues of social development as the place and role of women in society and the problems of education of the younger generation. The historian did not analyze artistic merits of Khvoshchinskaya’s works, but presented an exhaustive bibliographic list. The author characterizes V. I. Semevsky’s assessments in relation to various stages of N. D. Khvoshchinskaya’s activity as a writer and literary critic. An ambiguous from the point of view of morality introduction into scientific circulation of a number of sources of personal origin by the author of the biography is shown. The paper ends with the conclusion that Semevsky, as the first biographer of N. D. Khvoshchinskaya-Zaionchkovskaya, could set himself three tasks: (1) prevention of the writer’s oblivion; (2) a kind of ideological privatization, presentation of her views as close to the populist movement (the so-called Narodniks); and, (3) characterization of Khvoshchinskaya as a sample of a working woman and a bearer of ideal ethical principles that were close to those of Semevsky himself.

The article covers the fundamentals of Chinese "soft power" in Latin America. "Soft power" now takes an important place in Chinese foreign strategy, both the international level and in Latin America. The author describes the main features of international relations between China and Latin-American countries. The paper focuses on the main sources of formation of positive image of China in the region. The study revealed that Chinese "soft power" has significantly strengthened in the region in recent years. At the same time, the author notes that it is still much weaker than that of the USA. In modern conditions, Chinese government is likely to seek more active application of new forms of international cooperation, promotion of "soft power" being one of them. The methodology of the research was based on the systematic approach, which means considering Chinese "soft power" as a part of the whole foreign policy of China. Theoretical and practical relevance of the study consists in that fact that it creates a basis for further research on this issue. The results can be used to forecast the development of Chinese foreign policy strategy, as well as to study the complex of relations between China and Latin American states.

This research reconstructed the biography of Professor A. R. Rosenberg, MD, who was the first head of the Microbiology Department of Stalinsk State Institute of Advanced Medical Training (the modern city of Novokuznetsk) in 1951–1953. The paper focuses on the prosecution this scientist and educator who suffered from the so-called "Doctors’ plot" (1953). "The Doctors' plot" is regarded as the final event of the anti-cosmopolitanism campaign of 1949–1953, which was directed primarily against the Jewish intellectuals. The campaign was notorious for the severe attacks on the academia. At the Stalinsk Institute, they launched a "purge" based on the ethnic principle, which resulted in a criminal case against some employees, including A. R. Rosenberg. The arrested educators were declared "members of the Jewish-bourgeois nationalist group". The charges brought were connected with the ideological principles of the campaign against cosmopolitanism and "the Doctors’ plot". After the criminal case was terminated, A. R. Rosenberg was reinstated in his position. However, poor health made him retire in 1953. A. R. Rosenberg shared the fate of the Soviet intelligentsia who suffered during the campaign against cosmopolitanism and "the Doctors’ plot".

The paper features some aspects of Chinese colonization policy in the Mongolian North in the early XX century. There have been publications on the issue; however, they fail to provide a full coverage of the period, and no serious comprehensive study has ever been performed. In this regard, documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation can contribute to the comprehensive study of the topic. The documents are mostly represented by trip reports to Manchuria in the first quarter of the XX century. The article describes a document about a little known event of the period in question: the trip made by the Chinese Minister of Colonies Prince Su to the territory of South-Eastern Mongolia (North-Eastern China). The author also analyzed the related conclusions made by the Actual State Councilor D. D. Pokotilov, the Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister in Beijing. The paper also contains a revision of Chinese colonial policy in the Mongolian lands, made by Prince Su in his report to the Chinese authorities. The beginning of the XX century became the climax of the Chinese colonization on the territory in question. This period is also associated with the expansion of Russian influence on the territory of the Sino-Eastern railway right of way. Nevertheless, a complete picture of Chinese colonization requires further studies of archival sources.

The present research was based on archaeological and written sources and featured the prerequisites of medieval urbanization of Zhetysu, or Semirechye, and South Kazakhstan. The local urbanization was influenced by political, economic, and social processes. In the political sphere, the factors included: onset and development of state units; political and ideological inclusion of society; better external security; regulation of legal and tax activities, which created a single economic mechanism for reproductive economy, etc. In the economic sphere, the important factors of urban development corresponded with the so-called second stage of the agrarian revolution, i.e. transition from primitive to intensive manual agriculture; use of arable tools with iron ploughshares and sled animals; popularization of irrigation; cultivation of grain and industrial crops; better storage and grain processing, etc. As for the social sphere, the period was marked by degradation of tribal relations. As a result, early class society was beginning to form. This new type of social relations was based not on family ties but on economic contacts, which contributed to the formation of the social structure of medieval cities, e.g. strata of artisans, merchants, administrative elite, priests, etc. The analysis of sources showed that the main historical prerequisites for the urban development of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan were formed in the early Middle Ages. However, their formation was rather irregular and depended on the exact area.

The paper features the interaction of archaeological science and textbooks on archeology. It successively examines the history of textbooks on archeology in Russia published for higher education institutions of history, from the XIX century to the present. The author stresses the importance of textbooks in the formation and development of archeology as one of the main subjects of university historical education. Archeology and its textbooks play a key role in the reconstruction of important historical events of the three million years of human history, especially in cases when archaeological materials are the only source. Archeology discovered civilizations of the Ancient East, e.g. China, India, Iran, as well as Archaic Greece and ancient Rome. The paper states the significance of the archaeological heritage of Russia. Since 1970s, only two universities in Russia, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Kemerovo State University (Department of Archeology), have been publishing university textbooks on archeology to be used in universities nationwide. The list involves nine publications prepared by Kemerovo State University. These textbooks are unique from the point of view of the content and methodology of the presentation. The article focuses on the interaction of archaeological science and university textbooks. This concerns the explanation of global historical events, e.g. the early colonization of Eurasia, ethnogenesis in the Middle Paleolithic Era, human migration to America in the Upper Paleolithic, the formation of cultural in the early Holocene, revolution of the producing economy in the Paleometallic Era, etc. The author describes the effect of archeological textbooks on the formation of the conceptual foundations of modern archeology as a historical science. The section "One History – Two Sciences" features the shortcomings of modern Russian historical science, in particular, the lack of alternative to the concept of formational explanation of history in school and university textbooks. History is currently being demonstrated exclusively as a social-class development process, which makes it impossible to understand the role of the fundamental foundations of historical development, as well as the role of discoveries, innovations, achievements in the field of material culture and productive economy. As a result, the human achievements of the past, which are indicated in archeology textbooks, do not find proper application in explaining the historical processes in Russia and Eurasia in modern history textbooks.

The present research featured educational and demonstration handicraft workshops in the Tomsk Province in the early XX century. The research objective was to determine the general course and features of the workshops that played a significant role in the modernization of technology and handicrafts in the region, along with other institutions of the Tomsk State Handicraft Committee, e.g. museums, warehouses, and libraries. The workshops became an important part of vocational education. A major role on the state level belonged to the administration of land management and agriculture and the Imperial Russian technical society. In the Tomsk province it belonged to the Tomsk Provincial Handicraft Committee and the Tomsk Department of the Russian Technical Society. By 1917, seventeen settlements in six parishes of the Province had seventeen workshops in nine areas of handicraft industry. Weaving, wagon-making, and agricultural engineering workshops predominated. They became centers for the development of vocational education and the popularization of new technologies. They organized educational support workshops for the adult population, sold modern machinery and materials, built warehouses for handicrafts and repair shops, instructor schools, etc. The network of workshops, along with vocational educational institutions, became the basis for the Soviet system of vocational education in Siberia in the post-revolutionary period. The paper contains an analysis of researches and historical sources. The results helped to fill the gaps in the history of vocational education in the South of Western Siberia.