During the COVID-19 pandemic, men proved to be more susceptive to the virus and demonstrated a more severe disease progress, which led to stress and anxiety. This research describes the factors affecting the stress severity in men as part of mental and somatic status during two years after lung damage induced by COVID-19. It included 41 male survivors (55 ± 11 y.o.) of COVID-19. The respondents were diagnosed for anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), and stress (PSS-10), as well as examined by a cardiologist 3, 12, and 26 months after recovery. After 26 months, their emotional-personal sphere was examined for anxiety (ITT), coping (SSP), distress (SCL-90-R), and personality traits (5PFQ). While the body mass index had increased, the severity of anxiety, depression, and stress remained the same. A strong distress was detected in 31.7% of former COVID-19 patients with prevailing confrontation and escape-avoidance coping. This index correlated with such factors as extraversion vs. introversion (r=0.356, p=0.022) and emotionality vs. restraint (r=0.535, p<0.001). Three months after recovery, the stress severity increased as a result of anxiety. One year after recovery, it depended on the intensity of depression and lung damage in the acute period. Two years after recovery, it increased at high personality anxiety and low planning coping. The overall distress index correlated with personality anxiety and body mass index three months after recovery. The severity of stress did not exceed the normal stress level, while every third man in this group showed signs of distress. The intensity of stress reaction during two years after recovery depended on the degree of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression proved to be significant factors increasing the stress reaction intensity during two years after recovery from COVID-19. The distress factors included strong confrontation and escape-avoidance strategies, as well as such personality traits as emotionality, extraversion, and anxiety.

   Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and their severe symptoms are a serious stress factor that affects the emotional and social status of patients. However, the role of psychological factors in the development, course, and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases remains understudied. This comprehensive analysis of psychodiagnostic indicators of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and the standard data for healthy people could facilitate targeted psychological assistance and effective treatment support. The research included 61 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, 51 patients with Crohn’s disease, and 10 patients with ulcerative colitis (39.4 % men, 60.6 % women; 30.29 ± 9.94 y. o.) The psychodiagnostic methods and questionnaires included The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Perceived Stress Scale, The Big Five Inventory, The Ways of Coping Questionnaire, and The Purpose in Life Test. The comparative analysis of emotional state indicators revealed strong situational anxiety (p < 0.001) and personal anxiety (p<0.001), as well as high subjective stress (p<0.001) and the overstrain indicator (p < 0.001). The analysis of basic personality traits showed that the traits measured by the self-awareness scale (p < 0.001) were more pronounces than those measured by the scales of extroversion (p < 0.01), emotional stability (p < 0.001), and personal resources (p < 0.01). The coping behavior test demonstrated self-control (p < 0.001), search for social support (p < 0.001), responsibility acceptance (p < 0.001), solution planning (p < 0.001), and positive reappraisal (p < 0.05). The male patients had low indicators for life goals (p < 0.001), life process (p < 0.001), life performance (p < 0.01), locus of I-control (p < 0.01), and the overall life purpose (p = 0.001). The women had low indicators (p < 0.05) for life process, which signified dissatisfaction with the current life situation. In general, the patients with inflammatory bowel diseases had a high level of emotional tension (anxiety and subjective stress), personal anxiety, and emotional instability, with responsibility and organization being the prevailing personality traits; they adhered to stereotypes and demonstrated a wide range of active coping strategies with poor personal coping resources, especially in men. The data obtained can be used to improve the psychological support of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.

   Back pain is a major medical and social issue. It degrades the quality of life, as well as affects the psyche, emotions, and volition, thus preventing full social integration. The disabling effect of chronic back pain becomes especially relevant during a change of social roles. The authors tested the hypothesis about the destabilizing effect of changes in social status (disability or old age retirement) on adherence and compliance to treatment in patients with chronic back pain during medical rehabilitation. The psychodiagnostic questionnaire of Psychological Factors of Attitude to Disease and Treatment covered 166 rehabilitation patients. The correlates of high adherence proved to involve a sense of self-efficacy and acceptance of responsibility for both disability and recovery. These indicators differed significantly between the working patients (n = 94) and the retirees (n = 72). The research yielded some psychocorrective measures aimed at restoring active social life. These practical recommendations could be used to shape treatment adherence in senior age patients with chronic back pain.

   Disease provokes vulnerability, affects lifestyle, and reduces social interaction. In chronic patients, deficiency manifests itself as a lack of inner resources. Although deficiency and compulsion are common phenomena, publications on coping strategies remain understudied when it comes to somatic diseases. This research featured life and coping strategies in patients with imposed deficiency and different degrees of life-world stability. The study involved 420 patients with somatic diseases associated with major lifestyle changes. It included I. O. Loginova’s Questionnaire of Life Scenario and the Technique of Life-World Stability. The coping strategies identified by clinical and psychological interview proved to correlate with the degree of life-world stability. The patients with low life-world stability were prone to informing, self-suggestion, self-control, food treats, walking, and rituals. Those with a medium degree of life-world stability preferred informing, self-motivation, self-control, avoiding comparisons, new activities, hobbies, walking, and physical activity. The patients with strong life-world stability chose informing, involvement, self-motivation, positive thinking, avoiding comparisons, hobbies, walking, and cultural entertainment.

   This review presents a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and experimental studies of digital technologies in pedagogy and psychocorrection during the COVID-19 pandemic. The remote digital format demonstrated a number of limitations and disadvantages, i.e., technical and organizational problems. However, digital technologies made it possible to provide academic and psychological services to a wide range of population, regardless of the social, education, and financial status. The following recommendations could improve the distance pedagogical and psychocorrective services in pandemic environment: emphasis on specific academic and psychotherapeutic goals and tasks; a mandatory mental health monitoring system, e.g., online surveys and questionnaires; a unified scientific and evidence-based concept, e. g., a cognitive behavioral approach. The Aita software demonstrated good prospects as a platform for psychological and pedagogical services to former COVID-19 patients or survivors of other serious neuroinfectious diseases.

   A state governed by the rule of law relies on legal principles recognized and accepted by its society. To determine the socio-psychological structure of legal relations, the author compared the concept of legal relations in Western and Russian legal and social psychology. While Western publications contain no such concept whatsoever and focus mostly on interracial relations, Russian authors barely touch upon legal relations. The article introduces the main socio-psychological structure of legal relations and the term of legal social capital as an indicator of the support of state legislation by society. In the empirical part of the study, a survey of 467 respondents yielded a legal social capital of 0.805 (max 1.0). The socio-psychological structure of legal relations includes trust in people and law enforcement agencies, attitude to goals and values, assertive behavior, compliance with legal norms, and attitude to law as readiness to comply with the rights of others based on the principles of justice and equality. A regression analysis revealed the following socio-psychological predictors of attitude to law: legal consciousness (legal realism), assertive behavior, protection of human rights by law enforcement officers, and compliance with the principles of interpersonal justice. Legal cynicism proved to have a negative impact on attitude to law.

   Attachment and its diagnostics are a relevant research issue in domestic and foreign psychological studies. Mother-child attachment develops early in childhood and affects the coming-of-age, which makes its diagnostics an important part of psychological therapy. The authors developed a new interview for diagnosing the mother-child attachment pattern, tested it, and verified its psychometric parameters, i.e., test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity. The assessment involved expert assessments, testing, biographical interview, and various statistical methods. The total sample included 404 people aged 18–60 y.o. The new interview method confirmed its diagnostic capabilities in assessing the type of mother-child attachment. The questionnaire could be used as a psychodiagnostic tool by practicing psychologists as part of psychological counseling or for research purposes.

   Codependency is an important psychological and clinical issue in the current socio-cultural environment. Despite the variety of scientific approaches, its definitions remain unsystematic and inconsistent. Codependency requires a systematic, integral model to cover all aspects of its manifestation. This review of the codependency phenomenon in modern psychology relied on the semantic content of codependency, as well as the key areas of life that set up predispositions for codependency development, correction, and prevention. The review covered 94 theoretical and methodological foreign and domestic research papers. The method of content analysis yielded a set of definitions that highlighted the semantic diversity of codependency as a cultural phenomenon, a value-semantic element, a personality deformation, a reaction of helplessness, a special mental state, a form of protective coping behavior, and destructive relationships with a dependent person. As a result, the authors defined codependency as a multidimensional, multifunctional, and dynamic clinical and psychological phenomenon when the person is so focused on the value of another person that starts to identify with them, which results in deformed self-attitude, poor goal-setting, and pathological adaptation in an adverse life situation. Codependency manifests itself at the psychophysiological, emotional, value-semantic, social, and behavioral levels. It requires a comprehensive clinical and psychological intervention. It emerges in the family as a form of social community and affects all its members. Codependency development and correction corelate with certain changes in intra-family relations.

   Self-organization is a popular research topic in humanities, especially in social studies, because it is crucial for proper academic performance at university. First-year students change the focus of their activities from general school education to professional training, which implies a different pace of life, new goals, and a new academic environment. This article introduces a typology of the temporal modality of self-organization resources in university students. The study involved 55 first-year students of the Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia. The diagnostic stage involved the method of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, E. V. Bredun’s Questionnaire of Temporal Modalities of Life Experience, E. Yu. Mandrikova’s Questionnaire of Self-Organization of Activity, V. V. Stolina and S. R. Pantileeva’s Questionnaire of Self-Attitude, and D. A. Leontiev’s Test of Life-Meaning Orientations. The stage factor analysis revealed three factors, i.e., the temporal one-dimensionality of self-organization, the temporal balance of self-organization, and the temporal decentration. In further research, their indicators will make it possible to identify the targets of the individual academic trajectory.

   Everyday ideas about happiness is a relevant research topic. This article introduces a comparative analysis of the concept of happiness in children and older adults; one of them was cross-temporal. The author focused on the situational context in ideas about happiness in different age groups, as well as evaluated the temporal stability of these ideas. The total sample included 567 people (305 children and 262 older adults): adolescents aged 11–14 years (n = 185; 2023); children aged 7–10 years (n = 120; 2021); older adults aged 60–84 years (n = 180; 2023), older adults aged 60–90 years (n = 82; 2021). The study relied on the methods of content analysis and comparative analysis based on the chi-squared test with the Cohen’s h effect size. The concept of happiness proved dynamic: it changed depending on age and context. During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2021, the older adults tended to associate happiness with health, with life being more significant as a value. In 2023, both adults and children demonstrated such ideas as peace, absence of unhappiness, and inner harmony and tranquility, which also could be related to the situational context. The concept of happiness was almost the same in the adolescents and the children. Both groups described happiness as positive emotions, ranging from intense joy, delight, and pleasure to calm satisfaction and arising from communication with family, parents, and friends during various activities and recreation. The children tended to experience happiness in the moment. The older adults explained happiness as the well-being of their own and their loved ones. Family remained the core idea of happiness, shared by the children and the older adults.

   Experiences related to normative and non-normative developmental crises reduce adaptability and self-regulation, making crisis coping studies a relevant research topic. Personal time perspective is a personality resource that defines the coping strategy. Coping with biographical or identity crises remains understudied in the context of time perspective, most publications focusing on specific temporal orientations and their correlation with crisis manifestations. This article describes the specifics of coping with biographical and identity crises across different profiles of time perspective through the prism of the temporal orientation system. The author studied the effect of time perspective profile on the intensity and nature of crisis experience and coping. The study relied on a relatively small sample of 101 residents of the Kamchatka Region with its extreme living conditions. The respondents were clustered by time perspective profile to compare the intensity of experiencing biographical crises and the spheres of crisis situations that contribute to coping with the identity crisis. A strong orientation toward the positive past proved to be the most resourceful profile of time perspective for people living in extreme climate. The respondents oriented toward the future or hedonistic present appeared to be less adaptive to crisis states. Those oriented toward a fatalistic present and a negative past demonstrated the greatest risk. However, the time perspective profile did not guarantee an identity crisis, but only increased the risks and changed the emphasis.

   As more and more people seek psychotherapeutic support, the current global situation gives their demands and expectations a certain shared specificity. An effective system of psychological support needs to bridge the gap between the academic psychology and the applied psychotherapy. This research examined the phenomenon and structure of co-presence as a synergetic stage in relations between the psychologist and the client during various types of psychotherapy. It relied on the method of a phenomenological in-depth semi-structured interview, A. Giorgi and B. Giorgi’s qualitative data analysis, the method of group semantic universal, and the factor analysis. The obtained integral model of co-presence was tested as a semantic differential of Psychotherapeutic Co-Presence (see Appendix for a sample form). This complex study proved that co-presence is a comprehensive part of the psychotherapeutic process with particular substantive aspects for each stage of experience. The practical value of the proven hypothesis opens up some prospects of further empirical research.

   This theoretical study reviews the phenomena of physical self-image across psychological approaches, i. e., natural-scientific, cultural, activity-based, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, and constructional. The methodological aim was to identify the similarities and differences in the way the phenomena of physicality are described in various psychological approaches, as well as from the perspectives of rationality. Individual interpretations were analyzed in line with the classical, non-classical, and post-non-classical paradigms introduced by V. S. Stepin. The classification relied on the ideas about paradigmatic shifts expressed by V. A. Lektorskiy, A. G. Asmolov, and D. A. Leontiev. The physical self-images that correspond to the classical ideal of rationality follow the idea of body scheme and represent the mechanistic or physiological views on physicality. The non-classical views introduce the concept of physical self-image as a product of self-consciousness, specific in relation to the concept of self-image. In the post-non-classical ideal of rationality, the physical self-image is a cognitive construct that describes one’s ideas about one’s physicality at the levels of the organism, society, and culture. The classification of similarities and differences of the physical self-image across paradigms revealed the major directions in physicality studies with practical application prospects.

   As part of the university education system, psychological support services continuously improve their methods and work forms to match the modern standards and maintain the psychological well-being of all participants in academic relations. The article reports two monitoring studies of psychological support for university students made in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024. They focused on the psychological counselling at the universities that participate in the pilot testing of a new psychological support model in the national higher education system. The research concentrated on the main areas and challenges of scientific and methodological support provided by the Federal Resource Center for Psychological Service in Higher Education. Despite the positive dynamics in psychological education, diagnostics, and emergency support, the spheres of group counseling and family counseling remain underdeveloped.

   Children with intellectual disabilities often find it difficult to interpret graphic images and textual symbols. As the number of children with primary disabilities in Russia keeps growing, specialists in inclusive education need more effective communication tools. The authors described the specificities of graphic and textual perception in children with intellectual impairment, focusing on oligophrenia. They identified the main challenges of inclusive schooling, described the key factors that affect the perception of graphic and textual stimuli, and outlined the gaps in contemporary studies on alternative communication methods. The review relied on Russian and foreign publications registered in PubMed, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar in 2018–2024. All sources stated the need for alternative and augmentative communication tools in daily activities as a foundation for the development of spontaneous speech and social activity. Children with intellectual disabilities have significant difficulties in perceiving visual symbols as a result of cognitive and sensory challenges. The article summarizes the basic requirements for stimulus materials used in alternative and augmentative communication in class for children with oligophrenia.

   University environment means coping with a number of serious challenges, stresses, fears, and anxieties. This article describes correlations between anxieties, world assumptions, and cognitive distortions in university students of different majors. The sample consisted of 87 university students aged 19–23. They were subjected to R. Yanov-Bulman’s Basic Assumptions Scale adapted by O. V. Kravtsova, as well as to A. Beck and A. Weissman’s Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). The research involved the methods of factor and correlation analysis, multivariate dispersion, and multivariate regression. The emergence and development of fears and anxieties were considered within the framework of cognitive-behavioral models of anxiety and the integrative multifactorial psychosocial model of affective spectrum disorders. Fears and anxieties were defined as states of expectation and internal tension that require a solution in conditions of uncertainty and adverse life situations at university. They emerged not as personality traits, but as a result of the need to solve urgent academic problems and adapt to the university environment. Fears and anxieties developed in students as a result of cognitive attitudes and distortions. The author’s own questionnaire of 41 statements revealed five factors of fear and anxiety development: performance anxiety; anxiety of being left without social support; fear of professional failure; fear of choosing the wrong specialty; cum laude graduation and scholarship as academic benchmarks. Their severity depended on the major. The most resourceful world attitudes that contributed to fear control included Self-value, kindness of people, and benevolence of the world. They could reduce anxiety, promote academic performance, and improve social adaptation.