Невежливость в новостном дискурсе в Интернете: данные из комментариев BBC News на Facebook

В данном исследовании изучается невежливость в разделе комментариев новостного сайта BBC English с акцентом на типы условных триггеров невежливости, используемых комментаторами. Также рассматривается влияние компьютерных факторов, включая анонимность и синхронность, на невежливое поведение. Для классификации невежливых действий применялась модель «снизу вверх» триггеров невежливости Дж. Калпепера. С использованием смешанного метода было проанализировано 115 комментариев, содержащих 170 стратегий невежливости. Результаты показали, что комментаторы чаще всего выбирали в качестве мишени писателей, политиков и сам BBC, при этом наиболее распространенными  стратегиями были оскорбления и острая критика, а наименее распространенными – замалчивание и угрозы. Среди угроз наиболее часто встречались персонифицированные отрицательные обращения (категория 1), в то время как персонифицированные отрицательные утверждения (категория 2) и персонифицированные отрицательные упоминания (категория 3) использовались реже всего. Анализ также показал, что анонимность, синхронность и эмоциональное выражение существенно влияют на проявление невежливости в онлайн-комментариях. 

1. Austin P. Politeness revisited: The dark side. New Zealand ways of speaking English, eds. Bell A., Holmes J. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, 1990, 277–297.

2. Bou-Franch P., Blitvich P. G.-C. Conflict management in massive polylogues: A case study from YouTube. Journal of Pragmatics, 2014, 73: 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.05.001

3. Bousfield D. Beginnings, middles, and ends: A biopsy of the dynamics of impolite exchanges. Journal of Pragmatics, 2007, 39(12): 2185–2216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.005

4. Bousfield D. Impoliteness in the struggle for power. Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice, eds. Bousfield D., Locher M. A. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008, vol. 21, 127–153.

5. Brown P., Levinson S. C. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, vol. 4, 360. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085

6. Cashman H. Impoliteness in children's interactions in a Spanish / English bilingual community of practice. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2006, 2(2): 217–246. https://doi.org/10.1515/PR.2006.012

7. Culpeper J. Conventionalised impoliteness formulae. Journal of Pragmatics, 2010, 42(12): 3232–3245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.007

8. Culpeper J. Impoliteness: Using language to cause offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 306.

9. Culpeper J. Impoliteness and entertainment in the television quiz show: The weakest link. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2005, 1(1): 35–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.35

10. Culpeper J. Impoliteness strategies. Interdisciplinary studies in pragmatics, culture and society. Perspectives in pragmatics, philosophy & psychology, eds. Capone A., Mey J. L. Springer International Publishing, 2016, vol. 4, 421–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12616-6_16

11. Culpeper J. Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics, 1996, 25(3): 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(95)00014-3

12. Culpeper J., Bousfield D., Wichmann A. Impoliteness revisited: With special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics, 2003, 35(10-11): 1545–1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00118-2

13. Economidou-Kogetsidis M. Variation in evaluations of the (im)politeness of emails from L2 learners and perceptions of the personality of their senders. Journal of Pragmatics, 2016, 106: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.10.001

14. García-Pastor M. D. Political campaign debates as zero-sum games: Impoliteness and power in candidates' exchanges. Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice, eds. Bousfield D., Locher M. A. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008, vol. 21, 101–123.

15. Hammod N. M., Abdul-Rassul A. Impoliteness strategies in English and Arabic Facebook comments. International Journal of Linguistics, 2017, 9(5): 97–112. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i5.11895

16. Hardaker C., McGlashan M. "Real men don’t hate women": Twitter rape threats and group identity. Journal of Pragmatics, 2016, 91: 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.11.005

17. Harris S. Epilogue: Facework and im/politeness across legal contexts. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2011, 7(1): 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2011.007

18. Henrich N., Holmes B. Web news readers' comments: Towards developing a methodology for using on-line comments in social inquiry. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 2013, 5(1): 1–4.

19. Herring S. C. Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social, and cross-cultural perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing, 1996, vol. 39, 324.

20. Herring S. C. Computer-mediated communication on the Internet. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 2002, 36(1): 109–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440360104

21. Ibrahim A. H. A Socio-Linguistic Analysis of Impoliteness in Political Tweets. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2020, 11(1): 64–79. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17405.10729

22. Kienpointner M. Impoliteness and emotional arguments. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2008, 4(2): 243–265. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2008.012

23. Kotthoff H. Impoliteness and conversational joking: On relational politics. Folia Linguistica, 1996, 30(3-4): 299–326. https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.1996.30.3-4.299

24. Lakoff R. Language and women’s place. Language in Society, 1973, 2(1): 45–80. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1017/S0047404500000051

25. Larina T., Ponton D. M. I wanted to honour your journal, and you spat in my face: Emotive (im)politeness and face in the English and Russian blind peer review. Journal of Politeness Research, 2022, 18(1): 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2019-0035

26. Lee E.-J., Jang Y. J. What do others’ reactions to news on internet portal sites tell us? Effects of presentation format and readers’ need for cognition on reality perception. Communication Research, 2010, 37(6): 825–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210376189

27. Leech G. N. Principles of pragmatics. Longman, 1983, 250.

28. Locher M. A., Bousfield D. Impoliteness and power in language. Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice, eds. Bousfield D., Locher M. A. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008, vol. 21, 1–16.

29. Locher M. A., Watts R. J. Relational work and impoliteness: Negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour. Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice, eds. Bousfield D., Locher M. A. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008, vol. 21, 77–99.

30. Lorenzo-Dus N. "You're barking mad; I'm out": Impoliteness and broadcast talk. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2009, 5(2): 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2009.010

31. Mak B. C. N., Chui H. L. Impoliteness in Facebook status updates: Strategic talk among colleagues "outside" the workplace. Text & Talk, 2014, 34(2): 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2013-0042

32. Neurauter-Kessels M. Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2011, 7(2): 187–214. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2011.010

33. Postmes T. R., Spears R., Lea M. Breaching or building social boundaries: SIDE-effects of computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 1998, 25(6): 689–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365098025006006

34. Reich Z. User comments: The transformation of participatory space. In: Singer J. B., Hermida A., Domingo D., Heinonen A., Paulussen S., Quandt T., Reich Z., Vujnovic M. Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers. John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 96–117.

35. Rizana M., Murni S. M., Zein T. T. Impolite reader responses on online news comments in viva.co.id. Linguistik Terapan, 2018, 15(1): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.24114/lt.v15i1.11274

36. Sampietro A. Emojis and rapport management in Spanish WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 2019, 143: 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.02.009

37. Santana A. D. Virtuous or vitriolic: The effect of anonymity on civility in online newspaper reader comment boards. Journalism Practice, 2014, 8(1): 18–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.813194

38. Shinta V., Mara H., Wahyuni D. Impoliteness strategies used by supporters and dictators of Ahok in their online comments differed by gender. E-Journal of English Language & Literature, 2018, 7(1): 225–236.

39. Suhaila I., Mono U., Lubis S. Impolite reader’s responses on online BBC News comments. JAMI: Jurnal Ahli Muda Indonesia, 2022, 3(2): 184–197. https://doi.org/10.46510/jami.v3i2.122

40. Terkourafi M. Beyond the micro-level in politeness research. Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behaviour, Culture, 2005, 1(2): 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.2.237

41. Terkourafi M. Generalised and particularised implicatures of politeness. Perspectives on dialogue in the new millennium, eds. Kühnlein H., Reiser H., Zeevat H. John Benjamins, 2003, 151–166.

42. Terkourafi M. Politeness and formulaicity: Evidence from Cypriot Greek. Journal of Greek Linguistics, 2002, 3(1): 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1075/jgl.3.08ter

43. Trice M. How we comment on web journalism: A case study on dialogue found in news articles. The ethics of emerging media: Information, social norms, and new media technology, eds. Drushel B. E., German K. A&C Black, 2011, 235–250.

44. Watts R. J. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 304.

45. Wenger E. Communities and practice. Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 336. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932

46. Yang H. The effects of the opinion and quality of user postings on Internet news readers’ attitude toward the news issue. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 2008, 52(2): 254–281.

47. Zamith R., Lewis S. C. From public spaces to public sphere: Rethinking systems for reader comments on online news sites. Digital Journalism, 2014, 2(4): 558–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.882066